Long-Term Clinical Performance of a Central Venous Oxygen Saturation Sensor for Rate Adaptive Cardiac Pacing

Rate adaptive ventricular pacemakers using central venous oxygen saturation (O₂Sat) to control the pacing rate have been implanted in 14 patients (mean age 71 years), with a mean follow-up period of 44 months (range 2–63 months). In eight patients the pacemakers were replaced due to signs of battery depletion after an implant duration of 39–58 months. During bicycle exercise testing the O₂Sat decreased on average from 61%± 4% at rest to 36%± 4% (P < 0,0001) at peak exercise, and the maximum pacing rate was 122 ± 5 beats/min. The time delay until the O₂Sat bad dropped 10%, 65%, and 90% of the total reduction during exercise was 4.8 ± 0.9 seconds, 39.8 ± 3.8 seconds, and 71.3 ± 7.5 seconds, respectively. The O₂Sat decreased 9.4%± 2% (P <0.005) from resting supine to resting sitting. Oxygen breathing increased the telemetered O₂Sat from the pacemaker by 8.4 %± 1 % (P < 0.001). During follow-up the O₂Sats were relatively stable in 50% of the patients, but demonstrated significant fluctuations in the others. At 1-year invasive follow-up O₂Sat measured by the pacemaker decreased 22%± 2%, and in blood samples from the right ventricle 22%± 2% from rest to 3 minutes exercise at 25 watts. There was a significant correlation between O₂Sat measured by the pacemaker and in blood samples from right ventricle (n = 105; r = 0.73; P < 0.001). In two patients the O₂Sat dropped significantly during pneumonia. In another patient episodes of angina pectoris was associated with low O₂Sat and a concomitant fast pacing rate.