Microencapsulation of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil with the optimized CaCl2 crosslinker and its antibacterial study for cosmetic textiles

A functional fabric immobilized by the microcapsules of C. aurantifolia lime essential oil (LO) was prepared and characterized. A varied amount of CaCl₂ crosslinker was optimized to coacervate LO using alginate–gelatin biopolymers and Tween 80 emulsifier. A further evaluation of the immobilized LO microcapsules for the antibacterial effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was conducted. The optimized alginate/gelatin-based microcapsules were effectively crosslinked by 15% CaCl₂ with an yield, oil content (OC), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 39.91 ± 3.10%, 78.33 ± 7.53%, and 90.27 ± 5.84%, respectively. A spherical shape of LO microcapsules was homogeneously found with an average particle size of 1.394 μm. A first-order kinetics mechanism for the release of LO out of the microcapsules was modeled by Avrami''s kinetic equation (k = 1.60 ± 3.68 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹). The LO microcapsules demonstrated good thermal stability up to 100 °C and maintained 51.07% OC and 43.56% EE at ambient temperature for three weeks. Using a pad dry method and citric acid binder, LO microcapsules were successfully immobilized on a cloth with a % add on 30.60 ± 1.80%. The LO microcapsules and the immobilized one exhibited a moderate ZoI of bacterial growth for Gram-positive S. aureus and S. epidermidis as well as Gram-negative E. coli and K. pneumonia. Further washing test toward the functional fabric showed that the LO microcapsules incorporated into the fabric were resistant to five cycles of normal washing with a mass reduction of 22.01 ± 1.69%.

A functional fabric immobilized by the microcapsules of C. aurantifolia lime essential oil (LO) was prepared and characterized.     

An oxepinoflavone from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artocarpus elasticus</Emphasis> with cytotoxic activity against P-388 cells

A new oxepinoflavone, artoindonesianin E1 (1), was isolated from the wood of Artocarpus elasticus, along with four known prenylated flavones: artocarpin (2), cycloartocarpin (3), cudraflavones A (4) and C (5). The structure of the new compound was identified by spectroscopic methods. Upon cytotoxic evaluation against murine leukemia P-388 cells, the new compound showed IC₅₀ 5.0 μg/mL.     

Microencapsulation of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) oil for antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric

Functional cotton fabric incorporated with antibacterial microcapsules of lime (C. aurantifolia) essential oil (LO) was prepared. The coacervation method, employing two biopolymers of alginate and gelatin as the shells, was preferentially selected to produce the LO microcapsules, whereas immobilization of the LO microcapsules onto the fabric was done using the pad–dry–cure method using various concentrations of citric acid binder. The antibacterial inhibition zone of the functional fabric was subsequently analysed using the Kirby Bauer method. The LO microcapsules were produced with a yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and oil content (OC) of 47 ± 4%, 84 ± 11%, and 58 ± 4%, respectively. The homogenous spherical and soft microcapsules (1.554 μm) bonded effectively by 4% citric acid onto the surface of the fabric and detached back by only 3% after 15 cycles of washing. Overall, the optimized functional fabric exhibited the highest antibacterial activities among others against typical skin bacteria, such as S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. epidermidis, and thus it can be potentially applied to obtain antibacterial functional textile.

Functional cotton fabric incorporated with antibacterial microcapsules of lime (C. aurantifolia) essential oil (LO) was prepared.     

Epoxyquinophomopsins A and B from endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. and their activity against tyrosine kinase

Journal of Natural Medicines - Two new quinone derivatives, epoxyquinophomopsins A (1) and B (2), were purified from the EtOAc extract of endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp isolated from Morus...     

Phenolic compounds from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptocarya konishii</Emphasis>: their cytotoxic and tyrosine kinase inhibitory properties

Two chalcone derivatives, 2′-hydroxychalcone (1) and desmethylinfectocaryone (2), together with five known phenolic compounds infectocaryone (3), cryptocaryone (4), kurzichalcolactone A (5), pinocembrin (6) and trans-N-feruloyltyramine (7), were isolated from the methanol extract of the wood of Cryptocarya konishii. The structures of the new compounds were determined based on the analysis of spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectra. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and tyrosine kinase inhibitory activities of compounds 1–7 showed that compounds 2–4 strongly inhibited the growth of murine leukemia P-388 cells, whereas compound 4 significantly inhibited the enzyme.     

Anti-angiogenic effect of α-mangostin

Eleven known prenyl xanthones, isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, were tested for their ability to inhibit the phosphorylation of kinase domain receptor (KDR) tyrosine kinase. α-Mangostin was found to inhibit phosphorylation of KDR. α-Mangostin also showed to inhibit phosphorylation of the Y1175 residue of KDR (10 μM). This is the first report that α-mangostin inhibited the phosphorylation of KDR tyrosine kinase and also the Y1175 residue of KDR. α-Mangostin also showed inhibitory effects on proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (IC₅₀ 1.2 μM) and human umbilical artery endothelial cells (IC₅₀ 2.4 μM), as well as the migration (IC₅₀ 0.034 μM) and tubule formation (at the concentrations of 0.6 and 1.2 μM) of HUVECs. These results suggest that the inhibition of the phosphorylation of KDR tyrosine kinase is concerned in the anti-angiogenic activity of α-mangostin.     

Prenylated flavonoids and related compounds of the Indonesian Artocarpus (Moraceae)

Several species of the genus Artocarpus (Moraceae) have been investigated in our laboratories during the last decade. Over 60 phenolic constituents have been discovered and characterized, including 27 new compounds from 13 Indonesian taxa of Artocarpus, namely A. champeden, A. lanceifolius, A. teysmanii, A. scortechinii, A. rotunda, A. maingayi, A. kemando, A. bracteata, A. altilis, A. fretessi, A. gomezianus, A. reticulatus and A. glaucus. The principal and the most pronounced features of these phenolic constituents are the assembly of an isoprenyl substituent at C-3 of a flavone skeleton by closure of an ether bridge or a carbon–carbon linkage with the B ring of the skeleton, which may further rearrange into xanthone to produce various classes of natural products. The structures of the new and unusual natural products are presented. Many of the metabolites also exhibit cytotoxic effect against murine leukemia P388 cells.     

Macagigantin,a farnesylated flavonol from Macaranga gigantea

A new farnesylated flavonol derivative, macagigantin (1), together with two known flavonoids, glyasperin A (2) and apigenin (3), had been isolated from the acetone extract of the leaves of Macaranga gigantea. The structure of the new compound was elucidated as 6-farnesylkaempferol based on its spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-EI-MS spectra. Compounds 1–3 were evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against P-388 cells, their IC₅₀ values being 11.3, 6.0, and 5.1 μM, respectively.