Interleukin-11 Overexpression and M2 Macrophage Density are Associated with Angiogenic Activity in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To investigate the expression of IL-11 and its receptor IL-11Rα and to quantify density of CD163⁺ M2 macrophages in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).     

Collateral vessel regression in a child with primary congenital glaucoma.

The presence of collateral vessels in a young child with glaucoma is rare. The authors describe a case of collateral vessel regression with intraocular pressure reduction in a child with primary congenital glaucoma. Six months following 180 degrees goniotomies in each eye, the intraocular pressure was reduced, dilation of the retinal arteries and veins resolved, and collateral vessels in both eyes regressed. Intraocular pressure reduction may lead to the regression of collateral vessels in children with primary congenital glaucoma.     

Myocardial metabolism and adaptation during extreme hemodilution in humans after coronary revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the oxygen transport adjustments and myocardial metabolic adaptation that occurs with different levels of hemodilution during normothermia after cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized study. SETTING: Operating room in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Eight patients with ejection fractions (> 40%) undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Before the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, blood was withdrawn from patients to a target hematocrit of 15%. After coronary artery bypass grafting, a catheter was inserted directly into the coronary sinus. After the patients were rewarmed to 37 degrees C, they were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. Hemodynamic indices were measured, as well as measurements of myocardial oxygen consumption (VO2) and myocardial metabolism (lactate extraction and coronary sinus hypoxanthine). Measurements were made at three different hematocrit values: 15%, 20%, and 25%. Hematocrit was increased by autologous blood transfusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The three levels of hemodilution (hematocrit: 17.4 +/- 3.4%; 23.0 +/- 3.7%; 27.8 +/- 4.8%) were significantly different from baseline (hematocrit 37 +/- 2.6%; p < .05). Oxygen delivery, which increased with autologous transfusion, exceeded 350 mL/min/m2 at each level of dilution. The myocardial VO2 increased significantly after autologous transfusion compared with the most dilute condition (7.0 +/- 3.7 mL/min at hematocrit 17.4% vs. 11.2 +/- 4.8 mL/min at hematocrit 23.0% and 12.4 +/- 4.0 mL/min at hematocrit 27.8%). This transfusion-induced increase was also true of myocardial oxygen extraction. Lactate extraction and hypoxanthine release were normal and unchanged at each level of hemodilution. Systemic oxygen extraction ratio increased with hemodilution and decreased with autologous transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodilution to a hematocrit of approximately 15% is tolerated in anesthetized humans after coronary artery bypass surgery. There was no evidence of myocardial ischemia, as demonstrated by absence of S-T depression on the electrocardiogram, lactate extraction, or hypoxanthine release. In selected patients, postoperative transfusion may be based on systemic physiologic end-points, such as oxygen extraction ratio, rather than set hematocrit values.     

Deposition of keinoid fibers in gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the small intestine. Report of two cases and review of the literature

Skeinoid fibers are interstitial collections of a pathological collagen, most often seen in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. They were first described in 1991. We report two cases of intestinal stromal tumors, one in an exceptionally young patient with excessive skeinoid fiber deposition. The microscopic as well as the ultrastructural findings of skeinoid fibers are demonstrated and their role is discussed considering the newest literature.     

Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black as compared with white patients with left ventricular dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Black patients with heart failure have a poorer prognosis than white patients, a difference that has not been adequately explained. Whether racial differences in the response to drug treatment contribute to differences in outcome is unclear. To address this issue, we pooled and analyzed data from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) prevention and treatment trials, two large, randomized trials comparing enalapril with placebo in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: We used a matched-cohort design in which up to four white patients were matched with each black patient according to trial, treatment assignment, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, and age. A total of 1196 white patients (580 from the prevention trial and 616 from the treatment trial) were matched with 800 black patients (404 from the prevention trial and 396 from the treatment trial). The average duration of follow-up was 35 months in the prevention trial and 33 months in the treatment trial. RESULTS: The black patients and the matched white patients had similar demographic and clinical characteristics, but the black patients had higher rates of death from any cause (12.2 vs. 9.7 per 100 person-years) and of hospitalization for heart failure (13.2 vs. 7.7 per 100 person-years). Despite similar doses of drug in the two groups, enalapril therapy, as compared with placebo, was associated with a 44 percent reduction (95 percent confidence interval, 27 to 57 percent) in the risk of hospitalization for heart failure among the white patients (P<0.001) but with no significant reduction among black patients (P=0.74). At one year, enalapril therapy was associated with significant reductions from base line in systolic blood pressure (by a mean [+/-SD] of 5.0+/-17.1 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (3.6+/-10.6 mm Hg) among the white patients, but not among the black patients. No significant change in the risk of death was observed in association with enalapril therapy in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Enalapril therapy is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization for heart failure among white patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but not among similar black patients. This finding underscores the need for additional research on the efficacy of therapies for heart failure in black patients.     

Human papillomavirus-positive tonsillar carcinomas: a different tumor entity?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are thought to be one of the causal factors in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), particularly in tumors arising from the Waldeyer's tonsillar ring. We screened 98 carefully stratified HNSCC and different control tissues for the presence of HPV DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for genital- and Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)-associated HPVs and by HPV16-specific single step PCR. Typing was performed by direct sequencing and/or sequencing of cloned amplimers. On average HNSCC showed rather low HPV DNA prevalences; 18% of the oral cavity cancers, 8% of nasopharyngeal cancers, 25% of hypopharyngeal cancers and 7% of laryngeal cancers were HPV DNA positive. In contrast, HPV sequences could be detected in 45% of the oropharyngeal cancers, particularly tonsillar carcinomas (58%). Tonsillar carcinomas were significantly more likely to be HPV positive than tumors from any other site ( P<0.001). All tonsillar cancers contained oncogenic HPV types, predominantly HPV16 (13 of 14; 93%). Unaffected tonsils were available from two of these patients, but both tested negative for HPV DNA. Furthermore, no HPV DNA could be found in tonsillar biopsy specimens from control groups. Localization and load of HPV DNA was determined in HPV16-positive tonsillar carcinomas, their metastases and in unaffected mucosa using laser-assisted microdissection and subsequent real time fluorescence PCR. We demonstrated that the HPV genome is located in the cancer cells, whereas the infection of normal mucosa is a rare event. Quantification of HPV16 DNA in samples of seven patients yielded viral loads from 6 to 153 HPV DNA copies per beta-globin gene copy and the load values in both locations were roughly comparable. These loads are comparable with data shown for other HPV-associated lesions. Statistical evaluation of data related to clinicopathological parameters showed a significant correlation of the HPV positivity of tonsillar carcinomas with tumor grading ( P=0.008) and alcohol consumption ( P=0.029). Taken together our findings show a preferential association of HPV DNA with tonsillar carcinomas. Furthermore our results argue for HPV-positive tonsillar carcinomas representing a separate tumor entity, which is less dependent on conventional HNSCC risk factors.     

The water jet as a new tool for endoprosthesis revision surgery--an in vitro study on human bone and bone cement

In revision surgeries of endoprostheses, the interface between implant and bone cement or bone must be loosened. Conventional tools have many disadvantages because of their size and limited range. Taking advantage of the selective and athermic cutting process, a plain water jet is already used in order to cut soft tissues. This study investigates the possibilities of both a plain and an abrasive water jet as cutting tools for revision surgery. Samples of the mid-diaphysis of human femora and bone cement (CMW3) were cut with a plain water jet (PWJ) and an abrasive water jet (AWJ) at two different jet-to-surface angles (30 degrees,90 degrees ) and at five different pressure levels (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 MPa). For a PWJ a selective pressure range was identified, where only bone cement was cut. Injecting a bio-compatible abrasive (lactose) to the jet stream resulted in significantly higher cut depths in both materials. Material removal in bone was significantly less at the smaller jet-to-surface angle for both techniques. No clear selectivity between bone and bone cement was observed for application of the AWJ. However, the material removal rate was significantly higher for bone cement than for bone at all pressure levels. The results indicate that an AWJ might be an alternative tool for cement removal. The possibility for localised cutting at interfaces could be an advantage for revision of a non-cemented prosthesis.     

Temporal properties of responses to broadband noise in the auditory nerve

Temporal information in the responses of auditory neurons to sustained sounds has been studied mostly with periodic stimuli, using measures that are based on Fourier analysis. Less information is available on temporal aspects of responses to nonperiodic wideband sounds. We recorded responses to a reference Gaussian noise and its polarity-inverted version in the auditory nerve of barbiturate-anesthetized cats and used shuffled autocorrelograms (SACs) to quantify spike timing. Two metrics were extracted from the central peak of autocorrelograms: the peak-height and the width at halfheight. Temporal information related to stimulus fine-structure was isolated from that to envelope by subtracting or adding responses to the reference and inverted noise. Peak-height and halfwidth generally behaved as expected from the existing body of data on phase-locking to pure tones and sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tones but showed some surprises as well. Compared with synchronization to low-frequency tones, SACs reveal large differences in temporal behavior between the different classes of nerve fibers (based on spontaneous rate) as well as a strong dependence on characteristic frequency (CF) throughout the phase-locking range. SACs also reveal a larger temporal consistency (i.e., tendency to discharge at the same point in time on repeated presentation of the same stimulus) in the responses to the stochastic noise stimulus than in the responses to periodic tones. Responses at high CFs reflect envelope phase-locking and are consistent with previous reports using sinusoidal AM. We conclude that the combined use of broadband noise and SAC analysis allow a more general characterization of temporal behavior than periodic stimuli and Fourier analysis.     

The influence of harvesting technique on endothelial preservation in saphenous veins.

To study optimal conditions of preparation of saphenous veins as coronary artery bypass grafts, segments of saphenous veins were obtained from 29 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The saphenous vein segments were divided into three groups. In Group I, 10 saphenous vein segments were harvested using a "no-touch" technique without any other preparation aids. In Group II, 10 saphenous vein segments were removed while distended at 70-120 mm Hg with a balanced pH electrolyte solution at 37 degrees C. In Group III, consisting of 10 saphenous vein segments, nitroglycerin (1 microgram/ml) was added to the distending solution used in Group II. Samples of saphenous vein were assessed in a blind study using light and scanning electron microscopy to estimate endothelial cell preservation by the three harvest techniques. Saphenous veins receiving only a no-touch dissection technique without distention solution (Group I) revealed significantly better endothelial preservation (P less than 0.005). The administration of distention solution alone, or with nitroglycerin, to saphenous veins in situ using our operative technique during harvest does not appear to protect endothelial-integrity and may be harmful.