Whole Body Protein Turnover and Net Protein Balance After Pediatric Thoracic Surgery: A Noninvasive Single‐Dose 15N Glycine Stable Isotope Protocol With End‐Product Enrichment

Background : We used the ¹⁵N glycine urinary end‐product enrichment technique to quantify whole body protein turnover following thoracic surgery. Materials and Methods : A single dose of ¹⁵N glycine (2 mg/kg) was administered orally on postoperative day 1 to children (1–18 years) following thoracic surgery. ¹⁵N enrichment of ammonia and urea was measured in mixed urine after 12 and 24 hours, respectively, and protein synthesis, breakdown, and net balance determined. Nitrogen balance (dietary intake minus urinary excretion) was calculated. Urinary 3‐methylhistidine:creatinine ratio was measured as a marker of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. Results : We enrolled 19 subjects—median (interquartile range): age, 13.8 years (12.2–15.1); weight, 49.2 kg (38.4–60.8)—who underwent thoracotomy (n = 12) or thoracoscopic (n = 7) surgery. Protein synthesis and breakdown by ¹⁵N enrichment were 7.1 (5.5–9) and 7.1 (5.6–9) g·kg^?1·d^?1 with ammonia (12 hours) as the end product, and 5.8 (3.8–6.7) and 6.7 (4.5–7.6) with urea (24 hours), respectively. Net protein balance by the ¹⁵N glycine and urinary urea nitrogen methods were ?0.34 (?0.47, ?0.3) and ?0.48 (?0.65, ?0.28) g·kg^?1·d^?1, respectively (r_s = 0.828, P < .001). Postoperative change in 3‐methylhistidine:creatinine ratio did not correlate significantly with protein breakdown or balance. Conclusion : The single‐dose oral administration of ¹⁵N glycine stable isotope with measurement of urinary end‐product enrichment is a feasible and noninvasive method to investigate whole body protein turnover in children. After major surgery, children manifest increased protein turnover and net negative balance due to increased protein breakdown.     

Patient satisfaction with retail health clinic care

Purpose: To analyze patient satisfaction with care provided at two retail clinics by family nurse practitioners (FNPs) and physician assistants (PAs). To analyze patient characteristics and preferences of those patients seeking care at two retail clinics.
Data Sources: Anonymous, voluntary, self-report surveys completed by patient, or parents of minor patients, in one of two medical retail clinics located in grocery stores in Arizona between May 2006 and July 2007.
Conclusions: We found that clients with varied incomes and different ethnicities valued the same attributes of retail health clinic care as those found in initial studies: convenient location, no appointment necessary, short wait time, and low cost.
Implications for Practice: The high degree of patient satisfaction found for retail health clinic care indicates that this type of entrepreneurial primary health care will continue to increase in numbers. Retail health clinics are a viable source of employment for FNPs.