研究结果的解释和报告

科学研究的目标是创造和传播知识。这得通过对系统收集以及报告信息的批判性分析来完成。批判性分析始于一个简单的步骤，即在运用复杂统计学分析方法进行比较之前对所收集的数据进行深入检查。根据所收集的数据类型按照标准化方式进行统计学分析。在为解决研究问题而需采用合理、标准化步骤进行比较时，新知识就产生了，同时要避免错误的结论。在对数据进行仔细检查和分析之后，为了保证结论的正确性，再对数据进行一次批判性评论是非常重要的补充步骤。在科学文献中发表研究成果过程中涉及的同行评价对于传播新知识并保证其质量方面是一个非常重要的步骤。如果没有将研究成果发表供同行参考，这项研究就不算完整。     

Hydrocephalus in an achondroplastic child treated by venous decompression at the jugular foramen. Case report

A 10-month-old child with achondroplasia with progressive head enlargement, ventriculomegaly, and wide subarachnoid spaces over the hemispheres was referred for evaluation. A steady-state lumbar infusion test revealed increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow resistance (14 mm Hg/ml/min), and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) demonstrated bilateral venous outflow obstruction due to stenosis of the jugular foramen. Surgical decompression by opening the right jugular foramen relieved the clinical signs of intracranial hypertension. During the following year, the patient's head enlargement was moderate with relative normalization of size. Repeat DSA demonstrated improved venous runoff on the right side, and a steady-state lumbar infusion test demonstrated reduced CSF outflow resistance (10 mm Hg/ml/min). Venous decompression is causal therapy and may prove to be preferable to shunting in children with hydrocephalus and bilateral stenosis of the jugular foramen.     

Occupational airborne exposure of the general population of a Norwegian county.

Occupational airborne exposure was examined for a stratified sample (N = 1275) of the general population aged 18-73 years in Hordaland County, Norway. The subjects identified all jobs of more than six months since leaving school and stated whether they had been occupationally exposed to specific agents and work processes potentially harmful to the lungs. The prevalence in the population ever having been exposed was 18% for asbestos, 9% for quartz, 5% for aluminum dust, 6% for wood dust, 12% for metal gases, 12% for welding, 9% for soldering, and 1% for hairdressing. According to occupational title (last job), 3% of the population had held a job with a high degree of airborne exposure, 26% a job with moderate exposure, and 70% a job with no airborne exposure. During their worklife both the men and the women tended to leave polluted jobs more often than unpolluted jobs. Occupational exposure to airborne pollutants potentially harmful to the lungs is widespread in this Norwegian general population.     

Do patient characteristics,disease, or treatment explain social inequality in survival from colorectal cancer?

This paper investigates the association between individually measured socioeconomic status (SES) and all-cause survival in colorectal cancer patients, and explores whether factors related to the patient, the disease, or the surgical treatment mediate the observed social gradient.     

Autoimmunity to a 28-30 kD cell membrane DNA binding protein: occurrence in selected sera from patients with SLE and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).

Previous experiments have established the presence of a 30-kD DNA binding protein on the surface of human leukocytes. Herein we report that selected sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and MCTD are reactive with a 28-30 kD protein on immunoblots of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cell membrane preparations; the reactivity is abolished by prior incubation of the blot with DNA. Antibodies eluted from the 28-30 kD strip inhibited the binding of 3H. DNA to human PBMC. An immunomatrix of 28-30 kD reactive immunoglobulins was able to extract a 29-kD DNA binding protein from a PBMC cell membrane preparation. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed the cell surface IgG reactivity of sera with T lymphocytes. Additional experiments indicated that cell surface IgG binding was not due to antibodies binding to cell surface DNA, DNA anti-DNA immune complexes reacting with a DNA binding protein, anti-histone antibodies or anti-Sm antibodies. It is hypothesized that this autoimmune response could be one component of an idiotypic network involving anti-DNA antibodies.     

A simple and practical technic for detecting cancer cells in urine and urinary bladder washings by flow cytometry

DNA measurement by flow cytometry has been demonstrated to be a potentially useful technic in the diagnosis of bladder cancer by detecting neoplastic cells in bladder washings and urine specimens. The authors' goal was to develop a simple and practical method utilizing the new generation of cytofluorographs designed for use in the clinical laboratory. This method combined direct fixation with cell lysis yielding fixed intact nuclei. Following RNase and pepsin digestion, the nuclei were separated from debris and aggregates on a sucrose barrier, stained with ethidium bromide, and analyzed with an argon laser analytic cytofluorograph. Urines and bladder washings from 14 patients with positive urinary cytology and histologically diagnosed bladder cancers were compared with specimens from patients without urothelial malignancies. DNA histograms clearly delineated aneuploid from diploid populations and often identified S, G2M, and G1 phase nuclei. Aneuploid populations have been detected in all tumor specimens with positive cytologies studied to date.     

A Systematic Review of Job Loss Prevention Interventions for Persons with Inflammatory Arthritis

Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation - Purpose To present an overview of the evidence of the effect of job loss prevention interventions, aiming to improve work ability and decrease absenteeism...