105Changes in Nitric Oxide Levels After Deep Dermal injury in the Female,Red Duroc Pig (FRDP)

Introduction : Hypertrophic scar is a devastating sequel to burns and other tangential skin injuries. It follows deep dermal injuries and does not occur after superficial injuries. Nitric oxide (NO) plays many important roles in wound healing from inflammation to scar remodeling. Studies have shown that expression of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production are decreased in human hypertrophic scar. However little is known about NO involvement in the early stages of hypertrophic scarring, because of the lack of an animal model. It was recently reported that the female red Duroc pig (FRDP) makes thick scar, which is similar to human hypertrophic scar. We hypothesized that NO production in wounds on the female, red Duroc pig is similar to that of human hypertrophic scar and that NO involvement in deep wounds is different from that in superficial wounds. Methods : Superficial (0.015” to 0.030”) and deep (0.045” to 0.060”) wounds were created on the backs of four FRDPs. Biopsies were collected at weeks 1.5, 4, 8 and 21 post wounding including samples of uninjured skin. Nitric oxide levels were measured with the Griess reaction assay and normalized with tissue protein level. Results : Superficial wounds healed with an invisible scar whereas the deep wounds healed with scar resembling mild hypertrophic scar. The thickness of the scars from the deep wounds was significantly greater than uninjured skin and healed superficial wounds (p < 0.01). NO levels were increased at 1.5 weeks in deep wounds compared to superficial wounds and uninjured skin (p < 0.05). At 8 weeks, NO levels in deep wounds had returned to the level of uninjured tissue and superficial wounds. By 21 weeks, NO levels had decreased significantly when compared to superficial wounds (p < 0.01). There were no differences in NO levels between uninjured skin and superficial wounds at any time point (p > 0.05). Conclusions : NO production is similar in late, deep wounds on the female, red Duroc pig to that reported in the literature for human hypertrophic scar further validating this animal model. NO production is quite different after deep wounds as compared to superficial wounds in the FRDP. Early elevation in nitric oxide production might account for excessive inflammation in deep wounds that become thick scars in the FRDP. Nitric oxide regulators and effects at early stages of scar formation should be elucidated further and the FRDP appears to be a useful model.     

An association of HIV infection and noma in Niger

We report a case of noma having occurred in an adult female patient with HIV. The strain was characterized as HIV-1 group M subtype G. In order to explore the interactions between HIV/AIDS and this disease, we purpose systematic HIV screening for any case of noma, especially for adult patients.     

Feasibility of using Travenol sets in an IVAC 230 controller

The feasibility of using Travenol regular and minidrip sets to deliver intravenous solution with IVAC 230 controllers was investigated. Intravariability within Travenol regular sets proved to be negligible. Likewise, intervariability among IVAC controllers is negligible. The least squares fit obtained from drops per minute (dpm) versus flow rate (ml/hr) for Travenol regular sets using dextrose 5% in water was y = 4.50x + 0.8 (r greater than 0.99). Similarly, the least squares fit for sodium chloride 0.9% was y = 4.50x - 0.6 (r greater than 0.99). Therefore, the calculated dpm for the required flow rate for both solutions is similar using Travenol regular sets. Also, no significant difference is found between the drip rate of dextrose 5% in water and sodium chloride 0.9% with Travenol minidrip at 5, 30, and 60 dpms. This study shows that interchangeability of IVAC administration sets with Travenol regular and minidrip sets is possible for dextrose 5% in water and sodium chloride 0.9% solutions.     

TREATMENT OF PALMOPLANTER HYPERHIDROSIS BY IONTOPHORESIS

Twenty-seven patients with idiopathic palmoplanter hyperhidrosis were treated with Iontotherapy over a one year period. In twenty-four cases there was a good response but maintenance therapy was required every 3-4 weeks.KEY WORDS: Iontophoresis, Palmoplanter hyperhidrosis     

B19 parvovirus replicates in circulating cells of acutely infected patients

B19 parvovirus is the etiologic agent of fifth disease and transient aplastic crisis. In natural infections, B19 antigen and DNA have been detected in sera early in the course of aplastic crisis and only rarely in fifth disease. We have found B19 DNA in circulating cells of infected patients by DNA dot blot with a virus-specific probe: in four of four sickle cell patients with aplastic crisis, in one asymptomatic sibling, and in one normal adult with fifth disease. Only two of the sera showed B19 DNA. High-molecular weight intermediate forms were detected by Southern analysis of DNA extracted from cells, thus indicating active replication of virus in cells rather than passive adsorption to their surface membranes. Separation of cells into high- and low-density fractions resulted in a concentration of the virus DNA in the granulocytic fraction.     

Epidemiological patterns of meningococcal meningitis in Niger in 2003 and 2004: under the threat of N. meningitidis serogroup W135

Since the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 epidemic in Burkina Faso in 2002, the neighbouring countries dread undergoing outbreaks. Niger has strongly enhanced the microbiological surveillance, especially by adding the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to the national framework of the surveillance system. During the 2003 epidemic season, 8113 clinically suspected cases of meningitis were notified and nine districts of the 42 crossed the epidemic threshold, while during the 2004 season, the number of cases was 3521 and four districts notified epidemics. In 2003 and 2004, serogroup A was identified in most N. meningitidis from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens (89.7% of 759 and 87.2% of 406, respectively). Although serogroup W135 represented only 8.3% of the meningococcal meningitis in 2003 and 7.9% in 2004, and was not involved in outbreaks, it was widespread in various areas of the country. In the regions that notified epidemics, the proportion of serogroup W135 was tiny while it exceeded 40% in several non-epidemic regions. Despite the wide distribution of W135 serogroup in Niger and the fears expressed in 2001, the threat of a large epidemic caused by N. meningitidis W135 seems to have been averted in Niger so far. There is no clear indication whether this serogroup will play a lasting role in the epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis or not. As early as in the 1990s, a significant but transient increase in the incidence of N. meningitidis serogroup X was observed. Close microbiological surveillance is crucial for monitoring the threat and for identifying at the earliest the serogroups involved in epidemics.