Standardisierte Kontrastmittelsonographie (CEUS) in der klinischen Akut- und Notfallmedizin sowie Intensivmedizin (CEUS-Akut)

Die Anaesthesiologie -     

Stress Testing Versus CT Angiography in Patients With Diabetes and Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

Background

The optimal noninvasive test (NIT) for patients with diabetes and stable symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown.

Bone Mass,Bone Microstructure and Biomechanics in Patients with Hand Osteoarthritis

The impact of primary hand osteoarthritis (HOA) on bone mass, microstructure, and biomechanics in the affected skeletal regions is largely unknown. HOA patients and healthy controls (HCs) underwent high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). We measured total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric bone mineral densities (vBMDs), microstructural attributes, and performed micro–finite element analysis for bone strength. Failure load and scaled multivariate outcome matrices from distal radius and second metacarpal (MCP2) head measurements were analyzed using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and functional status and reported as adjusted Z-score differences for total and direct effects. A total of 105 subjects were included (76 HC: 46 women, 30 men; 29 HOA: 23 women, six men). After adjustment, HOA was associated with significant changes in the multivariate outcome matrix from the MCP2 head (p < .001) (explained by an increase in cortical vBMD (Δz = 1.07, p = .02) and reduction in the trabecular vBMD (Δz = −0.07, p = .09). Distal radius analysis did not show an overall effect of HOA; however, there was a gender-study group interaction (p = .044) explained by reduced trabecular vBMD in males (Δz = −1.23, p = .02). HOA was associated with lower failure load (−514 N; 95%CI, −1018 to −9; p = 0.05) apparent in males after adjustment for functional status. HOA is associated with reduced trabecular and increased cortical vBMD in the MCP2 head and a reduction in radial trabecular vBMD and bone strength in males. Further investigations of gender-specific changes of bone architecture in HOA are warranted. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Evaluation of the influence of the aqueous phase bioconstituent environment on the F-19 T1 of perfluorocarbon blood substitute emulsions

Oxygen-sensitive F-19 magnetic resonance imaging of perfluorocarbon compounds requires that fluorocarbon T1 changes correlate with the local Po₂ and not with the composition of the surrounding aqueous phase. The influence of various bioconstituents and paramagnetic ions within the aqueous phase on the F-19 fluorocarbon phase T1 for PFC emulsions was evaluated at 0.14 and 0.66 T. T1 was measured for FC-43, perflubron, and a fluorinated surfactant. Controlled variables introduced in the aqueous phase included annex solution constituents, blood, pH changes, and Gd-DTPA. For a constant Po₂, the F-19 T1s were independent of the emulsion constituents, blood concentration, and pH. For FC-43 and perflubron, F-19 T1 was independent of the Gd-DTPA concentration, while the aqueous phase T1 decreased by more than an order of magnitude. XMO-10 (smallest emulsion particle size) showed a slight decrease in F-19 T1 with increasing Gd-DTPA concentration at 0.66 T.     

3-(Methylnitrosamino)propionitrile: occurrence in saliva of betel quid chewers, carcinogenicity, and DNA methylation in F344 rats

3-(Methylnitrosamino)propionitrile (MNPN), a potent carcinogen in F344 rats, was detected for the first time in the saliva of betel quid chewers at levels ranging from 0.5 to 11.4 micrograms/liter. The tumorigenic properties of MNPN and its potential to methylate DNA in F344 rats were evaluated. Groups of 21 male and 21 female rats were given 60 s.c. injections over a 20-week period (total doses 0.055 and 0.23 mmol per rat). The experiment was terminated after 106 weeks. MNPN at the higher dose induced 18 (86%) malignant tumors of the nasal cavity in male and 15 (71%) in female rats. The lower dose induced nine (43%) liver tumors. Groups of four or five male F344 rats were treated with a single s.c. or i.v. injection of MNPN (0.4 mmol/kg). MNPN was also administered to rats by swabbing the oral cavity (2.21 mmol/kg). The levels of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine, formed 0.5-36 h after treatment, were measured in the liver, nasal mucosa, esophagus, and oral issues. The highest levels of methylated guanines were detected in the nasal cavity independent of the route of administration. The results of this study demonstrate that MNPN is present in the saliva of betel quid chewers and is a potent carcinogen in F344 rats.     

Contrast behavior and relaxation effects of conventional and hyperecho-turbo spin echo sequences at 1.5 and 3 T.

To overcome specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations of spin-echo-based MR imaging techniques, especially at (ultra) high fields, rapid acquisition relaxation enhancement/TSE (turbo spin echo)/fast spin echo sequences in combination with constant or variable low flip angles such as hyperechoes and TRAPS (hyperTSE) have been introduced. Due to the multiple spin echo and stimulated echo pathways involved in the signal formation, the contrast behavior of such sequences depends on both T2 and T1 relaxation times. In this work, constant and various variable flip angle sequences were analyzed in a volunteer study. It is demonstrated that a single effective echo time parameter TE(eff) can be calculated that accurately describes the overall T2 weighted image contrast. TE(eff) can be determined by means of the extended phase graph concept and is practically independent of field strength. Using the described formalism, the contrast of any TSE sequence can be predicted. HyperTSE sequences are demonstrated to show a robust and well-defined T2 contrast allowing clinical routine MRI to be performed with SAR reductions of typically at least 70%.     

Fluconazole dosing in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVHF): need for a high daily dose of 800 mg

To cover intermediate sensitive Candida glabrata in ICU patients,fluconazole plasma peak levels at least in the range of 16–32µg/ml appear necessary for treatment. Previous studiesdid not reach these fluconazole levels under continuous veno-venoushaemofiltration (CVVHF) with dosages of 200–600 mg fluconzoledaily. In the present study, nine patients simultaneously requiringCVVHF for treatment of acute oligoanuric renal failure and antimycotictherapy of Candida septicemia received fluconazole 800 mg/day.Fluconazole plasma levels were determined to evaluate whetherthis dosage is adequate to reach the advised fluconazole levels.Patients were dialysed on two consecutive days with an ultrafiltrationrate (UF) of 1000 ml/h or 2000 ml/h, respectively, in a randomizedorder. The predilution was 800 ml/h and 1800 ml/h, respectively.The treatment was tolerated without adverse effects. All patientsreached plasma fluconazole concentrations between 16 and 32µg/ml, remaining in this range for a minimum of 1 up to24 h with a mean of 9.6 h and a UF rate of 2000 ml/h, and 15.7h with a UF rate of 1000 ml/h. So far, there are no in vivodata on the fluconazole plasma concentrations required for effectivetreatment. However, our data demonstrate, that at least thefluconazole concentrations desirable on the basis of in vitrosusceptibility testing can be reached in critically ill patientson CVVHF in an ICU setting. However, in these patients, 800mg fluconazole/day are necessary to achieve fungicidal drugconcentrations.     

Surgery and Chemotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer in Stages I–II with or without Radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To analyze the effectiveness of surgery and chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy in the management of limited small cell lung cancer (LSCLC) in stages I and II. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 39 patients (median age 62 years) with LSCLC in stages pT1 or pT2 and pN0 or pN1 (stages IA-IIB) who had a tumor resection and systematic lymph node dissection were reviewed retrospectively. The median follow-up period was 29 months. 35 patients (90%) received a median of four cycles of a platinum-containing chemotherapy postoperatively. 16 patients (41%) received an adjuvant thoracic radiotherapy (TRT, median 50 Gy); 21 patients (54%) received a prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI, median 30 Gy). RESULTS: The median overall survival for all patients was 47 months, resulting in actuarial 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of 97%, 58%, and 49%, respectively. Distant metastases were found in 13 patients (33%) after a median of 16 months. Patients who received an adjuvant TRT showed a trend toward improved thoracic recurrence-free survival (p = 0.06) and improved overall survival (p = 0.07) compared to those treated with surgery and chemotherapy only. Brain metastasis-free survival (p = 0.01) and overall survival (p = 0.01) were improved significantly in patients who received a PCI. CONCLUSION: Surgical tumor resection may be considered for carefully selected patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy and PCI are recommended for all patients. Adjuvant TRT is currently used in patients with positive lymph nodes (pN1), because the probability of a subclinical involvement of the mediastinal lymphatic system appears to be increased in these patients.