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PURPOSE: The pharmacology of methamphetamine is reviewed, and the effects of methamphetamine use on oral health are described. SUMMARY: Methamphetamine is a highly addictive amphetamine analogue, initially synthesized in 1919. Illicit methamphetamine use leads to devastating effects on health, particularly the dentition. Illegal production of methamphetamine has skyrocketed in recent years, as have the number of users. The chief complaint of methamphetamine users is xerostomia. Without the protective effects of saliva, caries development in these patients is rampant. The typical pattern of decay involves the facial and cervical areas of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth, with eventual progression to frank coronal involvement. The acidic substances used to manufacture this drug have also been implicated as a cause of tooth decay and wear in users, as has bruxism as a result of drug-induced hyperactivity. When possible, these patients should be referred to a dentist to improve their oral health status and minimize the potential for adverse cardiovascular sequelae. Other preventive measures for methamphetamine users include stimulating saliva flow and increasing fluoride supplementation. Pharmacists should also counsel users to avoid carbohydrate-rich soft drinks in favor of water. Oral moisturizers may also be effective. CONCLUSION: Methamphetamine use causes xerostomia secondary to sympathetic central nervous system activation, rampant caries caused by high-sugar intake in the absence of protective saliva, and bruxism as a result of hyperactivity. Practitioners should know how to recognize the signs of and manage the oral health of patients with a history of methamphetamine use. 相似文献
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Adverse reaction to intravenous gadoteridol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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The biochemical defect in cystic fibrosis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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D K Shori N A Bradbury M C Goodchild R L Dormer M A McPherson 《Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry》1988,174(3):283-289
Cytosolic extracts prepared from submandibular tissues of CF patients showed a greater ability to activate calmodulin-deficient cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase than did control extracts. Thus, apparent calmodulin levels measured by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activation were significantly greater (p less than 0.001) in CF submandibular extracts than control; whereas calmodulin levels measured by radioimmunoassay were not different. In addition a calmodulin-binding protein of molecular weight 61,000 which showed a specific Ca2+-dependent interaction with calmodulin, was shown to be markedly altered in heat-treated extracts from CF submandibular glands. The results indicate that a specific protein which modulates selective biological action(s) of calmodulin is altered in CF. This would provide a biochemical link between disturbances in autonomic function and Ca2+ homeostasis seen in this disease and might therefore be closely related to the genetic defect. 相似文献
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Intestinal schistosomiasis japonica: CT-pathologic correlation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lee RC; Chiang JH; Chou YH; Rubesin SE; Wu HP; Jeng WC; Hsu CC; Tiu CM; Chang T 《Radiology》1994,193(2):539