Functional Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Perforation

Background. The functional results after treatment of intrathoracic esophageal perforations have been poorly documented.

Methods. A retrospective review of 42 patients who underwent treatment of intrathoracic esophageal perforation associated with benign esophageal disease was performed.

Results. Of 42 patients treated for esophageal perforation, 25 underwent primary repair, 15 underwent esophagectomy and reconstruction, 1 underwent cervical esophagostomy and drainage followed by esophageal resection, and 1 had drainage alone followed by primary repair. Among the patients treated with primary repair, at least one additional operation was required in 13 patients. Of the 15 patients treated with esophagectomy and reconstruction, none required further operative treatment. Follow-up averaged 3.7 years, and of the 36 survivors available for follow-up, 18 (50%) required at least one esophageal dilation postoperatively, and 3 (8.3%) have required regular dilations. Subjectively, 19 of 36 patients (53%) indicate that their swallowing is better than before perforation, it was the same in 12 (33%), and worse in 4 (11%).

Conclusions. In conclusion, approximately one third of patients surviving primary repair of esophageal perforations have continued difficulty with swallowing, which often requires esophageal dilations or esophageal reconstructive procedures, or a combination of both. Optimal long-term results are achieved when primary repair is performed in patients with motor disorders or a “normal” esophagus. Esophagectomy is a better option in those patients with strictures or diffuse esophageal disease.     

X-linked hypophosphatemia: Normal renal function despite medullary nephrocalcinosis 25 years after transient vitamin D2-induced renal azotemia

Nephrocalcinosis (NC) detected by ultrasound is a recognized abnormality for some patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) who received vitamin D₂ and inorganic phosphate therapy, but is commonly observed in XLH patients treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and inorganic phosphate supplementation. Nevertheless, long-term follow-up of kidney function in XLH patients with NC detected ultrasonographically has not been reported. We investigated two women with XLH, ages 31 (patient 1) and 39 (patient 2) years, each of whom had suffered at least one documented episode of vitamin D₂-induced hypercalcemia and renal azotemia during childhood. Patient 2 had also been treated with inorganic phosphate. No medications for XLH had been taken during adulthood. Renal ultrasonography at our institution demonstrated marked bilateral medullary NC in both women. No other explanation was found for their NC that apparently occurred several decades earlier from medical therapy for XLH. Detailed studies (including creatinine clearance, β₂-microglobulin excretion, and fasting urinary osmolality and acidification) revealed no impairment of kidney function in either patient. Our findings indicate that subradiographic medullary NC acquired during medical therapy for XLH may persist for decades, but with no adverse renal sequelae. Definitive (long-term) assessment of kidney function in the XLH population with NC, however, will be necessary to fully understand the risk of current medical treatment for this most common heritable form of rickets.     

Handling the pressure on an offshore rig.

The chief instigator of offshore stress is time which in oil parlance is money, writes Patrick Whyte, an offshore medical officer. He explains that medical personnel by showing that they practice a healthy lifestyle on the offshore oil rigs can set a practical example of coping with the stressful conditions.     

Altered aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in the critically ill

We studied prospectively 49 patients being treated in an intensive care unit with aminoglycosides for gram-negative sepsis. Pharmacokinetic data were calculated from three post-dose serum levels using a one-compartment model. Doses required to achieve peak levels between 5 and 10 mg/l with trough levels approximately 1.0 mg/l ranged between 2 and 12 mg/kg per day (mean dose 7 mg/kg per day). During therapy 60% of the patients had a change in their apparent volume of distribution (Vd) of greater than 20%. These patients were likely to have confirmed infection and to be febrile at the start of treatment. Two to three weeks after discharge ten patients were restudied after a single dose of aminoglycoside. There was a reduction in mean Vd from 0.24 to 0.18 l/kg (P less than 0.02). Critically ill patients have significantly larger volumes of distribution and may require larger doses per kilogram of body weight of aminoglycoside to achieve therapeutic concentrations. Due to considerable variation in kinetic parameters, the use of standard doses or dosing nomograms is not recommended.     

Congenital blindness and osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome.

Isteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG) is a rare heritable entity that features severe osteoporosis and many variable ophthalmic findings leading to congenital or juvenile blindness. These include microphthalmos, cataracts, bilateral pseudogliomatous retinal detachments, and phthisis bulbi. OPPG is usually not suspected until fractures occur, frequently after seemingly minor trauma. We report the ophthalmic findings of an infant girl with OPPG.