To what extent does IQ 'explain' socio-economic variations in function?

Background  

The aims of this study were to examine the extent to which higher intellectual abilities protect higher socio-economic groups from functional decline and to examine whether the contribution of intellectual abilities is independent of childhood deprivation and low birth weight and other socio-economic and developmental factors in early life.     

Discordant repeat size and phenotype in Kennedy syndrome

Previous reports in the literature have described correlation of increasing repeat length with severity of the phenotype, in Kennedy syndrome. We describe male siblings with different repeat lengths, with lack of expression of the phenotype in the sibling with the longer repeat length. The phenotype was identical to motor neurone disease. There is variability of expression in Kennedy syndrome and repeat length even in siblings cannot be taken as a conclusive indicator of severity. CAG repeat length cannot be used to predict the natural history of Kennedy disease. The diagnosis of Kennedy syndrome should be considered in male patients presenting with atypical motor neurone disease.     

INTERFERONS IN ONCOLOGY

SUMMARY The interferons are natural glycoproteins secreted in response to various stimuli, including viral infection. They have antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects on different target cell populations. Since recombinant human interferons have become available, they have been tested in a wide range of malignancies. They are well established in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia, chronic myelogenous leukaemia and multiple myeloma. Although they have documented activity against lymphoma, melanoma, renal cell cancer and carcinoid tumours, their role in the treatment of these tumours is less clear. In the common solid tumours, such as lung cancer and colorectal cancer, the use of interferons remains experimental. Here we will summarise their practice applications in oncology, using randomised studies where available to establish their place in multi-modality treatment. We will not discuss their use as antiviral or immunomodulating agents in viral and autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis or after organ transplantation.     

Resuscitation in northern Iraq.

The principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) were adopted by a Royal Navy surgical team deployed to northern Iraq. Over a 6-week period, 18 casualties of both military and civil trauma required active resuscitation, 10 being under the age of 16 years. Triage of multiple casualties was necessary on three occasions. Two patients died. It was difficult to exclude cervical spine injury. Venous cut-down was frequently unsuccessful, so that internal jugular vein cannulation was life-saving. Crystalloid was used as the primary infusion without apparent disadvantage. Cross-matched blood was unavailable and one patient died with haemolysis after massive transfusion. Hypothermia was a problem despite the high environmental temperature. Laboratory and radiological facilities were extremely limited. Non-medical staff were trained most effectively to assess vital signs, although sophisticated monitors became available. These problems are discussed and compared with previous experience. Recommendations are made to improve future outcome.