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1.
Jeroen M. van de Pol Jurjen G. Geljon Svetlana V. Belitser Geert W.J. Frederix Anke M. Hövels Marcel L. Bouvy 《Research in social & administrative pharmacy》2019,15(1):70-76
Introduction
The nature of community pharmacy is changing, shifting from the preparation and distribution of medicines to the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services (CPS); however, often the provision of traditional services leaves little time for innovative services. This study investigated the time community pharmacists spend on the tasks and activities of daily practice and to what extent they are able to implement CPS-related services in daily practice.Methods
Self-reporting work sampling was used to register the activities of community pharmacists. A smartphone application, designed specifically for this purpose, alerted participants to register their current activity five times per working day for 6 weeks. Participants also completed an online survey about baseline characteristics.Results
Ninety-one Dutch community pharmacists provided work-sampling data (7848 registered activities). Overall, 51.5% of their time was spent on professional activities, 35.4% on semi-professional activities, and 13.1% on non-professional activities. The proportion of time devoted to CPS decreased during the workweek, whereas the time spent on traditional task increased.Discussion and conclusion
This study shows it is feasible to collect work-sampling data using smartphone technology. Community pharmacists spent almost half of their time on semi-professional and non-professional activities, activities that could be delegated to other staff members. In practice, the transition to CPS is hampered by competing traditional tasks, which prevents community pharmacists from profiling themselves as pharmaceutical experts in daily practice. 相似文献2.
3.
The authors have studied hepatoprotective actions of new derivatives of 3-hydroxipyridine on an experimental model of toxic hepatitis (140 white mice). Mexidol and berlithion are choosed as the preparations of comparison. The method of light microscopy is used for the exploration of morphological changes. The cytolytic contents activity, catalase activity and the level of MDA have been determined in blood serum. The antitoxic effect is valued by the survival of the animals. It is found that all examined bonds is corrected morphological changes in toxic hepatitis and increased the index of animals survival, which is more expressed than the preparations of comparison. 相似文献
4.
T P Semenova E A Gromova N I Grischenko I V Nesterova A V Kulikov G N Smirnova T M Tretyak A G Bragin O S Vinogradova 《Neuroscience》1987,22(3):993-1002
Exploratory activity in the open field and noradrenaline concentration in the neocortex and brain stem were investigated in intact rats (n = 10) and in the following groups of rats with early postnatal neurotoxic (6-hydroxydopamine) lesion of the catecholaminergic system: (i) rats with embryonal locus coeruleus grafts in the frontal neocortex (n = 5); (ii) rats with the same grafts in lateral ventricles (n = 4); (iii) a control group with intracortical hippocampal tissue grafts (n = 3); (iv) sham-operated rats (n = 3). Experiments were performed by four independent groups of investigators using a double-blind method. In sham-operated rats as well as in rats with hippocampal grafts, and with locus coeruleus grafts in the ventricles, both exploratory activity and noradrenaline content of the forebrain were significantly lowered. In the rats with intracortical locus coeruleus grafts the level of exploratory activity was much higher (almost as in intact controls). This improvement of exploratory behaviour correlated highly with increased noradrenaline concentration in the forebrain. In all animals with locus coeruleus in lateral ventricles a significant increase in noradrenaline level of the brain stem was present, but no change of exploratory behaviour was observed. The grafts with the 3-mm-thick slabs of the adjacent tissue were dissected from the brain and used for histological analysis. The presence of typical locus coeruleus cells was shown in neocortex of all animals which received the grafts of corresponding tissue. The data show the possibility of stable compensation of the forebrain noradrenaline level and exploratory behaviour by embryonic noradrenergic neurons grafted into the neocortex, but not into lateral ventricles. 相似文献
5.
V Z Agrba B A Lapin S V Novozhilov V V Timanovskaia M G Chikobava S V Semenova M T Ivanov V V Kakubava 《Voprosy virusologii》1991,36(2):130-133
Five continuous lymphoid suspension cell cultures were established by cultivation of lymphocytes from African green monkeys. The immunological typing revealed the mixed pattern of cultures consisting of B and T cell types. Two types of viruses: herpesvirus and retrovirus C-type were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Indirect immunofluorescence and molecular hybridization studies showed one of the viruses to be an EBV-related herpesvirus of green monkeys designated HVGM and the other to belong to H (S) TLV-1 group. 相似文献
6.
Gordana Kocic Gordana Bjelakovic Dusica Pavlovic Tatjana Jevtovic Voja Pavlovic Dusan Sokolovic Jelena Basic Snezana Cekic Tatjana Cvetkovic Radivoj Kocic Svetlana Stojanovic 《Hepatology research》2007,37(8):637-646
Aim: Fas membrane-associated polypeptide antigen is a receptor molecule responsible for apoptosis-mediated signals. In animal models of acute viral hepatitis, apoptosis of hepatocytes is mediated by Fas-death receptors; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of interferon (IFN)-alpha on apoptotic markers and nuclease activity against different coding and non-coding single and double stranded RNAs during Fas-induced liver apoptosis. Methods: An in vivo experiment was performed with simultaneous administration of anti-Fas (CD95) antibodies and IFN-alpha, and an in vitro experiment was performed in hepatocyte cultures treated with anti-Fas antibodies and IFN-alpha. Results: Detection of apoptosis using Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in hepatocyte cultures confirmed the appearance of early apoptotic events and progression toward late apoptosis after anti-Fas antibody treatment. IFN-alpha had a tendency to retard the apoptosis process in Fas-induced apoptosis by increasing the number of viable cells and decreasing the number of cells in late apoptosis, by increasing the percentage of Bcl-2 positive cells, by decreasing the percentage of Bax positive cells, and by decreasing the nuclease activity compared to the anti-Fas antibody treated group. Total DNA and RNA concentration was much reduced in the Fas group and DNA fragmentation assay provided evidence for increased DNA degradation. Enhanced nuclease activity against DNA, rRNA, poly(A), poly(C), poly(U), poly(I:C), and poly(A:U) was manifested in the anti-Fas antibody treated group, except for the inhibitory-bound alkaline RNase. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the RNA-degrading pathway in Fas-induced apoptosis can accelerate the liberation of the latent enzyme from the inhibitor complex. IFN-alpha prevented enormous, Fas-ligand induced degradation of all the substrates used in this experimental study, most probably due to similarities in the signal transduction pathways. Investigations of death receptor-induced apoptosis may lead to novel treatment combinations for patients with acute or chronic liver diseases. 相似文献
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8.
Morin Catherine L.; Dolina Svetlana; Robertson Richard T.; Ribak Charles E. 《Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)》1994,4(2):119-128
BALB/c mice lack a corpus callosum in about 11% of the population.Two inbred substrains of BALB/c mice, epilepsy-prone (EP) andepilepsy-resistant (ER), have been examined to determine whetherthese substrains differ in regard to corpus callosum morphology.Further, this study addressed the issue of whether misroutedcortical axons form an aberrant pathway instead of the corpuscallosum. Initial studies that examined fresh brain tissue ofadult animals revealed normal corpora callosa in all ER micebut deficient or absent corpora callosa in all EP mice. Subsequently,Dil crystals were placed in the motor cortices of aldehyde-fixedbrains of 2-week-old animals to investigate cortical projectionsin both inbred substrains of mice. Fluorescent microscopy revealedthat all of the ER animals had normal corpora callosa, whereasall EP animals exhibited either reduced corpora callosa (partiallycallosal) or an absence (acallosal) of this structure. Bothacallosal and partially callosal EP mice displayed an extensive,aberrant projection to the basal forebrain as well as bilateralprojections to midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Thefibers projecting to the basal forebrain arose from the cortex,coursed toward the midline before turning ventrally along themidline, and appeared to terminate in the medial septal nucleusand the nucleus of the diagonal band. ER animals lacked thisaberrant cortical projection to the basal forebrain. Electronmicroscopic results obtained from EP mice indicated that labeledaxons in this aberrant pathway formed axosomatic, axodendritic,and axospinous synapses with the neurons in the medial septal/diagonalband complex. The function of the aberrant projection to thebasal forebrain remains unknown but it may provide an abnormalexcitatory input to a region that provides cholinergic and GABAergicinput to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The additionalprojections to midline and contralateral intralaminar thalamicnuclei in EP mice may function to intensify the synchronizationof bilateral discharges. 相似文献
9.
10.
Alexey V. Mazurov Dimitry V. Vinogradov Svetlana G. Khaspekova Anatoly V. Krushinsky Ludmila V. Gerdeva Sergei A. Vasiliev 《European journal of haematology》1996,57(1):38-41
Abstract: Patient B.G. is a 29-yr-old female with a lifelong bleeding disorder characterized clinically by a highly increased bleeding time, menorrhagias, long-lasting bleeding after cuts and tooth extractions and large post-traumatic haematomas. Her coagulation tests were within normal range, platelet count was 140,000–160,000 per μl, but platelet function was impaired as demonstrated by the absence of collagen-induced aggregation, although no abnormalities were detected in aggregation response to ADP and ristocetin. Morphologically her platelets were characterized by gigantic size – average profile area was about 2.5 times higher than that of control donors, and severe deficiency of α-granules – only 16% of their number in control donors. These features taken together indicated the diagnosis of grey platelet syndrome. As has been shown by quantitative immunoblotting, patient's platelets contained small amounts of α-granule membrane protein P-selectin – about 15% of that in control donors. The content of plasma membrane glycoproteins IIb–IIIa and Ib was not reduced, suggesting the specific deficiency of α-granule membrane protein. Thus, B.G. is the second patient described in the literature (see also Lages et al, J Clin Invest 1991: 87: 919–929) with combined deficiency of α-granules and P-selectin. 相似文献