Learned changes of feeding behavior in Aplysia in response to edible and inedible foods

Feeding behavior in Aplysia fasciata and A. oculifera is modified by pairing the behavior with reinforcing consequences. Successful and unsuccessful attempts to transfer food from the buccal cavity to the crop act as positive and negative reinforcers, respectively. A number of changes in feeding behavior occur as a result of pairing of feeding with the negative reinforcer: feeding responses become less effective in leading to the entry of food into the buccal cavity; when food does enter the buccal cavity, it exits sooner; swallowing responses after food entry are less likely to occur; Aplysia eventually cease responding to food. Pairing successful transfer of food into the crop with feeding behavior produces opposite effects. Behavioral change is specific to pairing, as shown by lack of change when reinforcement is explicitly unpaired with feeding behavior. Behavioral change is specific to foods with a particular taste and texture; generalization to alternate foods was not observed. In spite of cessation of feeding, animals remain aroused, as shown by low response latency to alternate foods. Memory of response change persists for at least 48 hr.     

Genetic association analysis of behavioral inhibition using candidate loci from mouse models

Genes influence the development of anxiety disorders, but the specific loci involved are not known. Genetic association studies of anxiety disorders are complicated by the complexity of the phenotypes and the difficulty in identifying appropriate candidate loci. We have begun to examine the genetics of behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar (BI), a heritable temperamental predisposition that is a developmental and familial risk factor for panic and phobic disorders. Specific loci associated with homologous phenotypes in mouse models provide compelling candidate genes for human BI. We conducted family-based association analyses of BI using four genes derived from genetic studies of mouse models with features of behavioral inhibition. The sample included families of 72 children classified as inhibited by structured behavioral assessments. We observed modest evidence of association (P = 0.05) between BI and the glutamic acid decarboxylase gene (65 kDA isoform), which encodes an enzyme involved in GABA synthesis. No significant evidence of association was observed for the genes encoding the adenosine A(1A) receptor, the adenosine A(2A) receptor, or preproenkephalin. This study illustrates the potential utility of using candidate genes derived from mouse models to dissect the genetic basis of BI, a possible intermediate phenotype for panic and phobic disorders.     

Associations between both genetic and environmental biomarkers and lung cancer: evidence of a greater risk of lung cancer in women smokers

This molecular epidemiologic case-control study of lung cancer incorporated three complementary biomarkers: the glutathione S- transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype, a potential marker of susceptibility, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts (PAH- DNA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), both indicators of environmentally induced genetic damage. Associations between biomarkers and lung cancer were investigated, as were possible gene-environment interactions between the GSTM1 null genotype and tobacco smoke exposure. Subjects included 136 primary non-small cell lung cancer surgical patients and 115 controls at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. Questionnaire and Tumor Registry data, pre-treatment blood samples and biomarker measurements on blood were obtained. Overall, GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-3.68]. ORs for GSTM1 and lung cancer were significant in females (2.50, 1.09-5.72) and smokers (2.25, 1.11-4.54) and not significant in males (1.4, 0.58-3.38) and non-smokers (0.88, 0.18-4.33). However, ORs for males versus females and smokers versus non-smokers did not differ significantly. The OR for GSTM1 and lung cancer in female smokers was 3.03 (1.09- 8.40), compared with 1.42 (0.53-4.06) in male smokers. In contrast to PAH-DNA adducts in leukocytes, SCE did not differ between cases and controls. Neither biomarker differed significantly between the two GSTM1 genotypes. The combined effect of elevated PAH-DNA adducts and GSTM1 genotype on case-control status (16.19, 1.2-115) appeared multiplicative. Results suggest that the effect of the GSTM1 null genotype is greatest in female smokers, which is consistent with other evidence that indicates that women are at higher risk of lung cancer than males, given equal smoking. Persons with both the GSTM1 deletion and elevated PAH-DNA adducts may represent a sensitive subpopulation with respect to carcinogens in tobacco smoke and other environmental media.      

原发性胆汁性肝硬化自身抗体谱研究进展

原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis, PBC)是一种慢性渐进性胆汁淤积性肝脏疾病, 以小胆管破坏为主要组织学特征的非化脓性炎症,并以血清中出现特征性自身抗体为主要标志．自身抗体对该病发病机制、诊断、治疗及预后均有重要意义．我们就PBC自身抗体谱研究进展作简要综述．     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞与炎症性肠病研究进展

CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞是维持机体自身免疫耐受的调节性T细胞亚群,主要来源于胸腺, 与自身免疫性疾病的发生、发展密切相关．炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种病因未明侵犯胃肠道的自身免疫性疾病,免疫耐受异常是导致其发病主要因素之一．CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞的异常表达可能与IBD的发病有关．     

Clinical and familial study of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Objective　To explore the characteristics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Methods　Seven patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and 34 members of three families were studied. All patients and family members underwent history collection, clinical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) and a signal averaging electrocardiogram. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in five patients. Results　All patients and family members had normal morphologic characteristics and normal function of the left ventricular by 2-DE. Fourteen persons had abnormal findings indicating ARVC. Five had enlargement of the right ventricular with diffused hypocontractility, eight had thin and systolic bulging in the focal anterior wall with hypokinesia and one had bulging of the inferior wall. Twenty-five persons (seven patients and 18 family members) had abnormal findings in ECG. Positive ventricular late potential was recorded in 13 persons (six patients). Two to three monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) with left bundle branch block (LBBB) configurations were induced in five patients. Ventricular fibrillation was induced in two patients during the electrophysiologic study (EPS). Five patients had very high pacing threshold and/or ineffective pacing in one or many regions of the right ventricle. Two members of one family died suddenly. One member was a dwarf with ARVC. Spontaneous VT with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) configuration was recorded in five patients, polymorphic VT with extremely short coupling interval in one, and premature ventricular complexes with LBBB configuration in 12 (six patients). Conclusion　Our familial study strongly suggests that ARVC may be a hereditary disease and it is helpful in the diagnosis and detection of ARVC. The most common manifestations were abnormal structure and function of the right ventricle and abnormal ECG of repolarization and ventricular arrhythmia which originates from the right ventricle.     

椎管内肿瘤26例围手术期的护理

0　引言　手术切除椎管内肿瘤是唯一有效的治疗方法 .由于病变部位的特殊性 ,手术难度大、危险性大 ,术后易出现神经损伤、脊髓缺血、水肿 ,发生呼吸障碍、高热、消化道出血、四肢瘫痪或截瘫等严重并发症 .其护理工作也具有一定的复杂性和特殊性 .1　临床资料　我院 2 0 0 0 - 0 5 / 11收治椎管内肿瘤患者 2 6 (男19,女 7)例 ,年龄 9～ 6 1岁 .颈椎段 14例 ,胸椎段 6例 ,腰椎段 5例 ,骶管内 1例 . 7例为转移瘤 ,2例为原发性胶质瘤 ,其余均为良性肿瘤 .本组患者以颈段椎管内肿瘤居多 (5 4% ) .2　讨论　为使患者安全渡过围手术期 ,术前健康教…     

颅内动脉瘤栓塞后并发脑缺血的原因分析

1 临床资料我们总结2004-02/2004-06在第四军医大学唐都医院神经外科住院行栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤患者27(男12,女15)例,年龄32～72岁.     

青翘和老翘中连翘苷的含量测定

目的：测定青翘与老翘中连翘苷含量。方法：。双波和薄层扫描法。结果：表翘中连翘苷含量为０．０７６％;老翘中仅占０．０１２％,与报道的青翘中连翘酯苷含量高于老翘的实验结果相同,结论;本文结果与文献报道的就抗菌效价而言青翘优于老翘的结论吻合,目前市售药材青老翘混杂,有必要进行深入研究,确定合理的采收期。     

6-(4-酰基-1-哌嗪乙酰氨基)-3,4-二氢-2(1H)-喹啉酮类化合物的合成及正肌力活性初探

目的 :寻找具有正性肌力活性的化合物。方法 :根据文献报道的二氢喹啉酮类正性肌力药物的结构特点 ,设计、合成了其类似物。以苯胺为起始原料经多步合成 ,对所得化合物用离体豚鼠心脏与主动脉观察了心肌收缩力、扩血管作用及心率。结果 :合成了 1 0个 6 ( 4 酰基 1 哌嗪乙酰氨基 ) 3 ,4 二氢 2 ( 1H) 喹啉酮类化合物 ( 4a～ 4j) ,均为未见文献报道的化合物。结论 :初步药理试验表明 ,化合物 ( 4h)显示了正性肌力及扩血管活性。