Prevalence of hepatitis E virus among swine and humans in two different ethnic communities in Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in swine and humans in different environments in Java and Bali, Indonesia. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in people over 20?years old living in communities in Bali was significantly higher than that in Java. While 68.8% and 90.0% of swine in Bali were anti-HEV positive at 1 and 2?months of age, respectively, swine in Java were at significantly lower risk of HEV infection by the age of 2?months. Our present data suggest that substantial differences in swine-breeding conditions and human living environments affect the rate of HEV infection in humans and swine.     

Balinese mothers' developmental timetables for young children

The study examined Balinese mothers' expectations for children's development and mothers' child-rearing practices, as influenced by selected variables (child's gender and ordinal position, mother's education, and rural or urban residence). Rural (n = 100) and urban (n = 100) mothers responded to structured questionnaires read aloud to them by trained interviewers who recorded responses. All children were between 4 and 6 years. Equal numbers of male and female children were included, and the entire economic and educational ranges of families were represented. MANOVA results showed significant interaction effects of residential location and maternal education on mothers' expectations of children's cognitive, F(2, 170) = 4.31, p = .04, and psychosocial development, F(2, 170) = 4.35, p = .01. Significant interaction effects were found for maternal education, residential location, child's ordinal position, and gender, F(3, 170) = 5.92, p = .001, on maternal child-rearing practices. Two developmental timetables were constructed.