Innovation in Indigenous Health and Medical Education: The Leaders in Indigenous Medical Education (LIME) Network as a Community of Practice

Problem: The Leaders in Indigenous Medical Education (LIME) Network aims to improve the quality and effectiveness of Indigenous health in medical education as well as best practice in the recruitment, retention, and graduation of Indigenous medical students. Intervention: In this article we explore the utility of Etienne Wenger's “communities of practice” (CoP) concept in providing a theoretical framework to better understand the LIME Network as a form of social infrastructure to further knowledge and innovation in this important area of health care education reform. Context: The Network operates across all medical schools in Australia and New Zealand. Outcome: Utilizing a model of evaluation of communities of practice developed by Fung-Kee-Fung et al., we seek to analyze the outcomes of the LIME Network as a CoP and assess its approach and contribution to improving the implementation of Indigenous health in the medical curriculum and the graduation of Indigenous medical students. Lessons Learned: By reflecting on the Network through a community of practice lens, this article highlights the synthesis between the LIME Network and Wenger's theory and provides a framework with which to measure Network outputs. It also posits an opportunity to better capture the impact of Network activities into the future to ensure that it remains a relevant and sustainable entity.     

The Importance of Venous Return in Starling‐Like Control of Rotary Ventricular Assist Devices

Rotary ventricular assist devices (VADs) are less sensitive to preload than the healthy heart, resulting in inadequate flow regulation in response to changes in patient cardiac demand. Starling‐like physiological controllers (SLCs) have been developed to automatically regulate VAD flow based on ventricular preload. An SLC consists of a cardiac response curve (CRC) which imposes a nonlinear relationship between VAD flow and ventricular preload, and a venous return line (VRL) which determines the return path of the controller. This study investigates the importance of a physiological VRL in SLC of dual rotary blood pumps for biventricular support. Two experiments were conducted on a physical mock circulation loop (MCL); the first compared an SLC with an angled physiological VRL (SLC‐P) against an SLC with a vertical VRL (SLC‐V). The second experiment quantified the benefit of a dynamic VRL, represented by a series of specific VRLs, which could adapt to different circulatory states including changes in pulmonary (PVR) and systemic (SVR) vascular resistance versus a fixed physiological VRL which was calculated at rest. In both sets of experiments, the transient controller responses were evaluated through reductions in preload caused by the removal of fluid from the MCL. The SLC‐P produced no overshoot or oscillations following step changes in preload, whereas SLC‐V produced 0.4 L/min (12.5%) overshoot for both left and right VADs. Additionally, the SLC‐V had increased settling time and reduced controller stability as evidenced by transient controller oscillations. The transient results comparing the specific and standard VRLs demonstrated that specific VRL rise times were improved by between 1.2 and 4.7 s ( = 3.05 s), while specific VRL settling times were improved by between 2.8 and 16.1 seconds ( = 8.38 s) over the standard VRL. This suggests only a minor improvement in controller response time from a dynamic VRL compared to the fixed VRL. These results indicate that the use of a fixed physiologically representative VRL is adequate over a wide variety of physiological conditions.     

Association Between Patient and Physician Sex and Physician-Estimated Stroke and Bleeding Risks in Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Physicians treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) assess stroke and bleeding risks when deciding on anticoagulation. The agreement between empirical and physician-estimated risks is unclear. Furthermore, the association between patient and physician sex and anticoagulation decision-making is uncertain.

Women's Evaluations of Their Experience in a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Intrapartum Fetal Pulse Oximetry (The FOREMOST Trial)

Abstract: Background: Fetal pulse oximetry improves the assessment of fetal well‐being during labor. The objective of this study was to evaluate women's satisfaction with their experience with this additional technology. Methods: We surveyed women participating in the FOREMOST trial, a randomized controlled trial comparing the addition of fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) to conventional cardiotocograph (CTG) monitoring (intervention group), versus CTG‐only (control group), in the presence of nonreassuring fetal status during labor. Our survey evaluated 3 aspects of women's experience: labor, fetal monitoring, and participation in the research. The survey was administered within a few days of giving birth and repeated 3 months later. Results: No differences were found between the intervention and control groups for women's evaluations of their labor, fetal monitoring, research, or overall experiences when surveyed on both occasions. Within each study group, a small but statistically significant decline occurred in women's scores for their experience of labor and overall experience from the initial survey close to the time of giving birth, to 3 months later. The magnitude of differences in responses over time was similar for the both groups. Women were more satisfied after a spontaneous or assisted vaginal birth than after cesarean section. Length of time the research midwife was present had a significant positive effect on women's ratings of their experience several days after giving birth (p = 0.006), but no effect at 3 months. Conclusions: The addition of fetal pulse oximetry for the assessment of fetal well‐being during labor did not affect childbearing women's perceptions of fetal monitoring or their labor. Women evaluated their experience in the research process positively overall. Small changes occurred in women's perception of their satisfaction over time. (BIRTH 33:2 June 2006)     

Antihistamine effects on actual driving performance in a standard test: a summary of Dutch experience, 1989-94

The review summarizes the major results of eight double-blind, placebo-controlled, volunteer studies undertaken by three independent institutions for showing the effects on actual driving performance of "sedating" and "nonsedating" antihistamines (respectively, triprolidine, diphenhydramine, clemastine and terfenadine, loratadine, cetirizine, acrivastine, mizolastine, and ebastine). A common, standardized test was used that measures driving impairment from vehicular "weaving" (i.e., standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP)). Logical relationships were found between impairment and dose, time after dosing, and repeated doses over 4–5 days. The newer drugs were generally less impairing, but differences existed among their effects, and none was unimpairing at doses 1–2 × the currently recommended levels. One or possibly two of the newer drugs possessed both performance-enhancing and -impairing properties, depending on dose, suggesting two mechanisms of action.     

Aberrant expression of tight junction-related proteins ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin in synovial sarcoma: an immunohistochemical study with ultrastructural correlation.

Synovial sarcoma demonstrates epithelial differentiation, either by light microscopy (biphasic synovial sarcoma) or by immunohistochemical/ultrastructural methods only (monophasic) and poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma. Although the glands of synovial sarcoma are known to have tight junction-like structures, far less is known about junction formation in the spindled component of synovial sarcomas. Additionally, it is unknown whether the tight junctions of synovial sarcoma are normally constituted. The tight junction is a multiprotein complex consisting of numerous proteins that include ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin. A total of 35 cases of synovial sarcoma (13 biphasic, 14 monophasic and eight poorly differentiated) were immunostained for ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin using commercially available antibodies, heat-induced epitope retrieval and standard avidin-biotin technique. When available, corresponding electron micrographs were reviewed. For five cases, the presence of either an SYT-SSX1 (three cases) or SYT-SSX2 (two cases) gene fusion was known. Positive cases showed particulate membrane staining. The glands of biphasic synovial sarcomas expressed ZO-1 (13/13), claudin-1 (12/13) and occludin (11/13) in a manner identical to normal glandular epithelia, at the apical portion of the lateral membrane. The spindle cells of biphasic synovial sarcomas showed abnormal circumferential membranous expression of ZO-1 (12/13), claudin-1 (6/13) and occludin (3/13). Monophasic synovial sarcomas expressed ZO-1 in a circumferential pattern (13/14) but less often claudin-1 (4/14) or occludin (3/14). Poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas expressed ZO-1 (8/8) and claudin-1 (6/8) but only rarely occludin (2/8). By electron microscopy, recognizable tight junctions were seen only in glands. No correlation was seen between histologic subtype or fusion type and expression of tight junction proteins. We conclude that the glands of biphasic synovial sarcomas show well-organized, true epithelial tight junctions. In contrast, the spindled cells of all synovial sarcomas show significant abnormalities in the expression and localization of tight junction proteins, suggesting partial and/or aberrant epithelial differentiation.     

A comparative study of acute and subchronic effects of dothiepin, fluoxetine and placebo on psychomotor and actual driving performance.

1. The acute and subchronic effects of dothiepin 75-150 mg and fluoxetine 20 mg on critical fusion frequency (CFF), sustained attention and actual driving performance were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind, cross-over study involving 18 healthy volunteers. Drugs and placebo were administered for 22 days in evening doses. Fluoxetine doses were constant but dothiepin doses increased on the evening of day 8. Performance was assessed on days 1, 8 and 22 of each treatment series. Subjective sleep parameters and possible side effects were recorded on visual analogue scales on alternate treatment days. 2. Dothiepin reduced sustained attention on day 1 by 6.7% (95% confidence interval (C1): -12.0 to -1.3%) and CFF on day 22 by 1.1 (CI: -2.2 to -0.1) Hz. Fluoxetine reduced sustained attention days 1, 8 and 22 of treatment by 7.4, 6.7 and 6.5% respectively (CI: -11.3 to -3.6; -14.3 to -1.5 and -9.5 to -3.4). CFF decreased linearly over days during fluoxetine treatment and significantly differed from placebo on day 22 with 1.2 Hz (CI: -2.3 to -0.2). Neither drug significantly affected driving performance. Whilst receiving dothiepin, subjects complained of drowsiness on days 1-3 of treatment (mean rank 5.6; CI: 2.0 to 9.2) and slept 43 min longer (CI: 8.2 to 76.2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)