Early Intestinal Changes Following Abdominal Radiotherapy

PURPOSE: To compare tests for intestinal function with clinical scores after abdominal irradiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: At the Department of Radiotherapy, Erfurt, Germany, intestinal changes were studied in 91 patients receiving abdominal radiotherapy between 1992 and 1996. Conventional fractionation (1.8-2 Gy per fraction, total doses 30.6-62.5 Gy) was applied. Before and at weekly intervals during radiotherapy, the clinical response was scored according to RTOG/EORTC for the upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Resorption tests for vitamin B(12) and D-xylose were performed before the onset and immediately after treatment. RESULTS: The clinical response displayed a well-defined dose-effect relationship with grade 1 effects in 5% and 50% of the patients at about 10 Gy and 50 Gy, respectively. For grade 2 reactions, 5%- and 50%-effective doses were 20-30 Gy and 60-80 Gy. Effects in the upper and lower GI tract were highly correlated. Changes in body weight did not show a correlation with other clinical symptoms. Changes in resorption also displayed a significant dose effect. However, no correlation was found with the clinical symptoms in the individual patient. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the clinical manifestation of intestinal side effects according to RTOG/EORTC criteria was reflected by neither the vitamin B(12) nor by the D-xylose resorption test. Hence, these tests cannot be regarded as useful for objective quantitation of intestinal radiation injury.     

Synthesis and teratogenic action of n-hydroxythalidomide

N-Hydroxythalidomide (1d), a potential metabolite of thalidomide (1a), was synthesized from N-phthalyglutaminic acid anhydride (1b) and O-tetrahydropyraline hydroxylamine, followed by deprotection. The teratogenicity of 1d was studied using the Hen's-Egg-Test model which had been found applicable for 1a. 1d was more teratogenic to chicken embryos compared to 1a. The percentage of teratogenic malformations in the 1d groups was 28-46%, whereas the percentage in the 1a groups was 20-23%. The oxygen protected precursor N-hydroxythalidomide (1c) was less teratogenic (11-15%).     

Challenges in physician supply planning: the case of Belgium

Introduction  

Planning human resources for health (HRH) is a complex process for policy-makers and, as a result, many countries worldwide swing from surplus to shortage. In-depth case studies can help appraising the challenges encountered and the solutions implemented. This paper has two objectives: to identify the key challenges in HRH planning in Belgium and to formulate recommendations for an effective HRH planning, on the basis of the Belgian case study and lessons drawn from an international benchmarking.     

De novo esophageal neoplasia after liver transplantation.

The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, treatment, and influence on survival of patients with de novo esophageal cancer after liver transplantation (LT). From 1988 to 2006, 1,926 patients underwent LT in our institution. A total of 9 patients (0.5%) developed a de novo esophageal cancer and 1 patient a cancer of the cardia (0.05%). A retrospective analysis was performed to reveal underlying diseases, timeframes between LT and appearance of cancer, predisposing factors, cancer therapy, complications, immunosuppressive regimens, and survival. Of our 10 patients, 7 (70%) suffered from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 3 patients (30%) developed an adenocarcinoma, including the patient with cancer of the cardia. A total of 9 patients were transplanted due to alcoholic cirrhosis; 1 patient suffered from hepatocellular carcinoma in nonA-nonB hepatitis-related cirrhosis. Median time to tumor diagnosis was 51 months after transplantation. A total of 5 patients were treated conservatively with combined radiochemotherapy and 5 underwent surgical resection. Patients with radiochemotherapy showed a mean survival of 14.8 months vs. 24.8 months for the patients of the surgery group. No major postoperative complication has been observed. A total of 2 patients of the surgery group are still alive after a follow-up of 15 and 89 months. In conclusion, de novo esophageal and cancer of the cardia after LT is a rare event. In spite of immunosuppression, no increased complication rate has been observed. Patients may have a survival benefit from surgical resection.     

In vitro cytotoxicity of a remineralizing resin-based calcium phosphate cement.

Recently, a resin-based calcium phosphate cement (RCPC) has been reported as a remineralizing pulp-capping or lining cement. RCPC consists mainly of tetracalcium and dicalcium phosphates, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate and pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate monomers and photo- and chemical initiators. OBJECTIVES: Here, the cytotoxic effects of RCPC were evaluated. The hypothesis was that RCPC induced only minor cytotoxic response in immortalized murine odontoblast and pulp cells, comparable to that produced by similar dimethacrylates due to unpolymerized dimethacrylate monomer present after curing. METHODS: Cytotoxicity was determined following the changes in cell succinate dehydrogenase activity after 24 h exposure to the cement components and after a 24 h recovery period. A fourfold range of concentrations was tested of the monomers, the eluate of cured RCPC leached in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, and crushed cured cement in dimethyl sulfoxide. RESULTS: The monomers themselves had cytotoxicities similar to those reported for other dimethacrylates, although they are significantly less toxic than Bis-GMA. Differential cell sensitivity was demonstrated, with the pulp cells having greater sensitivity to the unpolymerized monomer than the odontoblast-like cells. The leached components have cytotoxicity similar to that of the free monomers. The crushed material demonstrated no apparent cytotoxicity at the dilutions tested. SIGNIFICANCE: These data demonstrate that RCPC has an in vitro cytotoxicity that is comparable to other materials containing dimethacrylate monomers and suggest that the material may be suitable for use in dental restorations. The data also indicate that the pulp cells appear more sensitive to dimethacrylates than the odontoblasts.