Magnetic,structural and magnetocaloric properties of Ni-Si and Ni-Al thermoseeds for self-controlled hyperthermia

Self-controlled hyperthermia is a non-invasive technique used to kill or destroy cancer cells while preserving normal surrounding tissues. We have explored bulk magnetic Ni-Si and Ni-Al alloys as a potential thermoseeds. The structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the samples were investigated, including saturation magnetisation, Curie temperature (T_C), and magnetic and thermal hysteresis, using room temperature X-ray diffraction and magnetometry. The annealing time, temperature and the effects of homogenising the thermoseeds were studied to determine the functional hyperthermia applications. The bulk Ni-Si and Ni-Al binary alloys have Curie temperatures in the desired range, 316?K–319?K (43?°C–46?°C), which is suitable for magnetic hyperthermia applications. We have found that T_C strictly follows a linear trend with doping concentration over a wide range of temperature. The magnetic ordering temperature and the magnetic properties can be controlled through substitution in these binary alloys.     

Papillary Fibroelastoma of the Pulmonary Valve – A Systematic Review

The pulmonary valve is the least affected site for valvular papillary fibroelastoma. With increasing use of routine echocardiography and other modalities of imaging, pulmonary valve papillary fibroelastomas (PVPFE) are being recognized more frequently. PVPFE is more often an incidental diagnosis and symptomatic patients usually present with shortness of breath. Embolic phenomena and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction are the most serious complications of PVPFE. Since PVPFE is rare, the purpose of this systematic review is to address demographic characteristics, the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of this benign tumor of the pulmonary valve.     

High Alcohol Concentration Products Associated With Poverty and State Alcohol Policies

Objectives. We examined the associations among zip code demographics, the state alcohol policy environment, and the retail outlet availability of multiple fruit-flavored alcoholic drinks in a can (MFAC).Methods. In a nationally representative sample of zip codes (n = 872), we merged data from 4 sources: publicly available marketing information from 2 major MFAC producers, the US Census Bureau, state alcohol regulatory agencies, and recent research on state alcohol policies. We used zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to examine MFAC outlet availability in the United States.Results. More than 98% of MFAC outlets were off-premises alcohol establishments. After we controlled for population size and the number of licensed on- and off-premises alcohol outlets within zip codes, more families below the poverty line and weaker state alcohol control policies were associated with greater MFAC outlet availability.Conclusions. Economic conditions and alcohol policy environment appeared to be related to MFAC outlet availability, after adjusting for the general availability of alcohol. Research is needed to determine whether MFACs are disproportionately contributing to alcohol-related harm in socially and economically disadvantaged communities. Policies to better regulate the off-premises sale of alcohol are needed.In 2003, the first premixed caffeinated alcohol product was introduced in the United States, and by 2010 at least 8 brands of caffeinated alcohol were being sold.1,2 Released in August 2008, Four Loko became the most popular of these ready-to-drink products among underage drinkers.3,4 Anecdotal news and scientific reports linked Four Loko consumption to a number of dangerous drinking episodes, and as a result, questions were raised about its safety.5–7In addition to gaining the attention of the attorney generals of several states,8 by 2010, an emerging body of research began to show that caffeine–alcohol co-ingestion could produce elevated intoxication levels and reduce perceptions of impairment, and that drinkers could engage in riskier behaviors compared with the consumption of alcohol alone.9–14 Based on this research, the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration concluded that the combined high alcohol and high caffeine content of these premixed products was likely causing consumer harm.1,15 In response to pressure from the government, producers of products such as Four Loko and Joose voluntarily ceased production of these caffeinated drinks in November 2010.3 However, shortly thereafter, these producers began distributing reformulated products that no longer contained caffeine, guarine, and taurine.3,16,17Although the presence of a significant amount of caffeine likely played a role in producing injury and death, other characteristics of these products also likely contributed to hazardous alcohol consumption.18 Namely, their exceptionally high alcohol content, low price, fruit flavoring, colorful packaging, and targeted marketing may be responsible for attracting underage and lower socioeconomic consumers, and may continue to contribute to high-risk drinking among these groups.18,19 The combination of these product features led to Four Loko, Joose, and other similar beverages being labeled as multiple fruit-flavored alcoholic drinks in a can (MFAC) or supersized alcopops. Although alcopops contain similar fruit flavoring, MFACs are packaged in large, single-serving cans rather than in multiunit packs, they have higher alcohol content, and they cost less per standard drink, distinguishing them from alcopops.18 MFAC products are typically high in alcohol concentration (12%) and combined with large-sized containers (23.5 fluid ounces) result in that a single container, which is typically consumed immediately as 1 drink, actually contains 5 standard drinks.18 Moreover, the typical price is only $2.50 to $3.00, representing one of the lowest costs per dose of alcohol.18,19 There is limited research on MFAC products. Drug Abuse Warning Network data20 indicated that, in 2010, when Four Loko was primarily sold as a caffeinated product, there were an estimated 1242 hospital emergency department visits in the United States by persons who had consumed Four Loko (95% confidence interval = 332, 2152).21 However, in 2011, the first year Four Loko was sold without caffeine, the estimated Four Loko–related emergency department visits increased by nearly 4.5 times, to a total of 5492 (95% confidence interval = 2925, 8059).21 This substantial increase in emergency department visits suggests that Four Loko continues to be a health threat, despite the removal of caffeine. However, Four Loko was the only MFAC brand reported by the Drug Abuse Warning Network. Furthermore, a national survey conducted in 2012 found that approximately 6% of underaged drinkers consumed a Four Loko in the past 30 days, whereas consumption of other MFACs (e.g., Blast, Sparks, and Tilt) was less common.4Even less is known about the marketing and retail availability of MFAC products. One important question is whether the potential harms associated with MFAC consumption are borne evenly by all segments of society. The targeted marketing of potentially harmful products to vulnerable populations (e.g., low-income minority communities and communities with high proportions of youths) raises ethical concerns about social justice and corporate social responsibility.22Our purpose in this study was to test 2 hypotheses about MFAC outlet availability in the United States. First, we expected to find that zip code areas in states with stronger alcohol control environments (i.e., more laws, regulations, and practices designed to reduce excessive alcohol use and related harm) would have less MFAC availability. We expected this association because the combined effects of multiple concurrent alcohol policies in an overall alcohol policy environment helps shape local norms regarding alcohol use. For example, harsh penalties for supplying alcohol to underage drinkers or using or accepting fake identification may influence local alcohol marketing practices (i.e., products presumed to be higher risk might not be as heavily supplied or demanded in such areas). Second, we anticipated that zip code areas with greater poverty and a larger concentration of racial/ethnic minority persons would have greater MFAC outlet availability. The relatively low price of MFACs might make the products particularly appealing to economically disadvantaged communities.18,19 This notion was supported by previous research on malt liquor, another low-price, high-alcohol content, ready-to-drink product that was heavily marketed to and had greater retail availability in low-income minority communities.23–25 However, to date, there has been no systematic inquiry into these concerns with regard to MFAC products.     

Middle-preserving pancreatectomy with reversed pancreaticogastrostomy: report of a case

Parenchyma-sparing pancreatic resections have been reported increasingly in recent years; however, for multifocal diseases involving the head and the tail of the pancreas, total pancreatectomy is still the preferred procedure. The possible consequence of this procedure is loss of normal pancreatic parenchyma, resulting in insufficiency of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions. Various types of limited resection have been introduced for isolated or multiple pancreatic lesions, depending on the location of the tumor. Even for multifocal diseases, if the pancreatic body is spared, a middle-preserving pancreatectomy (MPP) can be performed to assure maximal pancreatic function and uncompromised quality of life. Yet, few papers have introduced the feasibility of MPP for a better outcome. This report describes a new surgical technique for MPP using an alternative approach for the remnant pancreas anastomosis. We used this technique successfully to remove a bifocal neoplasm: adenocarcinoma of the distal bile duct and mucinous cyst adenoma in the tail of the pancreas.     

Proteomic analysis of RAW macrophages treated with cGAMP or c-di-GMP reveals differentially activated cellular pathways

Global and quantitative analysis of the proteome help to reveal how host cells sense invading bacteria and respond to bacterial signaling molecules. Here, we performed label free quantitative proteomic analysis of RAW macrophages treated with host-derived cGAMP and bacterial-derived c-di-GMP, in an attempt to identify cellular pathways impacted by these dinucleotides and determine if the host responds differentially to these two cyclic dinucleotides. We identified a total of 3811 proteins of which abundances of 404 proteins in cGAMP and 236 proteins in c-di-GMP treated cells were significantly different compared to the control. Many of the proteins that were strongly and commonly upregulated, such as interferon-induced proteins 47, 202 and 204 (Ifi47, Ifi202, Ifi204), ubiquitin-activating enzyme E7 (Uba7), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1, 2 or 3 (Ifit1, Ifit2, Ifit3), ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (ISG15), might be due to the fact that both dinucleotides promote the production of interferons, which induce the expression of many proteins. However, there were also other proteins that were differentially affected by cGAMP or c-di-GMP treatment, including probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 (Dhx58), nuclear autoantigen Sp-100 (Sp100), MARCKS-related protein (Marcksl1) and antigen peptide transporter 2 (Tap2). This is probably due to the differential levels of IFNs produced by the dinucleotides or may indicate that non-STING activation might also contribute to the host''s response to c-di-GMP and cGAMP. Interestingly Trex1, a nuclease that degrades DNA (an activator of cGAS to produce cGAMP), was upregulated (3.22 fold) upon cGAMP treatment, hinting at a possible feedback loop to regulate cGAMP synthesis. These results lay a foundation for future studies to better characterize and understand the complex c-di-GMP and cGAMP signaling network.

cGAMP modulates proteins involved in antigen presentation and inflammation.