Changes in EEG order in neuroleptically treated normal volunteers during a voluntary movement task

Summary 15 normal volunteers were treated over three weeks with haloperidol (HAL) and in the third week additionally with biperidene (BIP). The order of the EEG spectra at different topographical locations and in different frequency bands during a movement task was analyzed using uncertainty analysis (UA), a multivariate analysis technique based on informationtheoretical methods. Different patterns of drug-induced changes were found. HAL decreases the theta and alpha band order at the fronto-central lateral areas but increases it at the fronto-central midline in the theta band and at the parietal areas in the alpha band. With the exception of the fronto-central midline locations, BIP more or less counterbalances the effect of HAL. Volunteers felt unwell and had motor disturbances during HAL and felt well again during HAL + BIP. Reaction time values were increased during HAL and normalized during HAL + BIP.     

Stable Anticonvulsant Action of Benzodiazepines During Development in Rats

Abstract— The anticonvulsant action of midazolam and clonazepam was studied in 168 immature rats in three age groups (12, 18 and 25 days old). Epileptic after-discharges of the spike-and-wave type accompanied by clonic seizures of facial and forelimb muscles induced by stimulation of sensorimotor cortex were used as a model. The solvent used for clonazepam exhibited a tendency to anticonvulsant action in 12-day-old rats. On the contrary, a proconvulsant action was seen in 25-day-old animals. The action of both benzodiazepines was identical and did not change substantially during development. The highest dose used (1 mg kg^?1, i.p.) shortened the duration of epileptic after-discharges, the two lower doses (0·1 and 0·02 mg kg^?1, i.p.) suppressed the progressive prolongation with repeated stimulations seen under control conditions. Motor correlates of stimulation remained practically uninfluenced by the two benzodiazepines, myoclonic seizures accompanying epileptic after-discharges were attenuated by the highest dose of both drugs.     

Ultrastructure of intralobular lymphocyte migration in the liver of hemodialysis patients

Presence of predominantly small lymphocytes in sinusoids and their immigration into the Disse space as well as into intercellular spaces between hepatocytes were recorded by electron microscopy from liver biopsies of 11 in 18 haemodialysis patients. No degenerative alterations were recordable from adjacent hepatocytes. These findings were obtained from patients with acute hepatitis (one case), minimal or chronic persistent hepatitis (two cases), reactive hepatitis (three cases), lobular and portal hepatitis (one case) as well as from the cases of metabolic-toxic alterations and one case of chronic blood congestion. HBV antigens were serologically identified in six cases. A HBcAg-free HBsAg type was immunohistologically diagnosed in one case only. No correlation was found to exist between the morphological results, on the one hand, and cellular immune pattern in peripheral blood, on the other. The above findings differed from most investigations of hepatitis B cases, in that no evidence could be found to cytotoxic action of lymphocytes upon adjacent hepatocytes. More investigations will be required for interpretation of the above findings, primarily immuno-electron microscopic studies.     

Relative Immunogenicity and Tolerogenicity of Individual Regions or Segments of the MHC

Mixed lymphocyte culture (MIX) reactivity, induction of cytotoxicity in vitro, survival of skin allografts, and induction of neonatal transplantation tolerance were compared in mice of the strain combinations differing in the entire H-2 complex or in individual segments of it. The results showed that antigenic products of the K end of the H-2 complex were more immunogenic and also more resistant to tolerance induction than the products of the D end of H-2. I-region products that elicited transplantation reactions of variable strength, depending on the detection system, were relatively easier to overcome in tolerance induction and could, at least in some combinations, contribute to tolerance induction across the barrier represented by the products of the K region of the H-2 complex.     

Terminal rearrangements in the genome of adenovirus type 12 mutants adapted to growth in two human tumor cell lines

After serial passage of adenovirus type 12 in cells of the human melanoma line Nki4 virus mutants with enhanced growth potential have been isolated which carry additional sequences of regularly increasing size at the right end of the genome. DNA sequence analysis was performed'to characterize these genomic alterations as well as those of the previously described Ad12 $\text{C}\text{4}\text{1}$ mutants adapted to growth in the human carcinoma cell line $\text{C}\text{4}\text{1}$ (I. Kruczek, E. Schwarz, and H. zur Hausen (1981)Int. J. Cancer27, 139–143). Duplication of the inverted terminal repetition (ITR) emerged as the common feature of the right terminal alterations of all the mutant genomes analyzed. The sequences present between the ITR repeats were of either right-end or left-end origin, the latter suggesting that left-end sequences comprising the ITR and parts of the adjacent unique sequences have been transferred to the right end of the genome. The different sizes of the additional sequences in Ad12 Nki-4 DNA could be explained by varying degrees of amplification of a basic additional sequence of 342 base pairs.     

Applications of expert computer systems.

An expert system is a computer program which uses artificial intelligence to make logical decisions on the basis of input data. The rules the system uses to make its decisions are called heuristics which can be provided in the form of IF . . . THEN statements, or they can be learned by the system from examples. The term "expert" is used because the rules or examples come from human experts and the program is considered to have captured their expertise. Currently there are many expert systems in business and medical use but few, if any, are used in optometry. The rule-oriented nature of many ophthalmic procedures suggests a future role for these systems, but their cost-effectiveness may not yet be favorable enough to justify development of expert systems for optometric practice.     

The unment demand for health services: A vital component in planning

Consideration of unmet need as well as effective demand for health services is desirable for planning but frequently ignored. This paper reports an analysis of the findings from a national health survey conducted in Chile to obtain information on both met and unmet demand. The joint analysis proved feasible and highly informative. Total felt need tended to be relatively constant among population groups in comparison with differences in actual services utilization. Moreover, exceptions to this general finding revealed patterns that should improve our insights for health planning.