Neuropsychological predictors of self-neglect in cognitively impaired older people who live alone.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the accuracy of certain neuropsychological tests in the prediction of harm resulting from self-neglect in cognitively impaired seniors who lived alone. METHODS: The study included 130 participants, aged 65 and older, who scored less than 131 on the Dementia Rating Scale. Neuropsychological tests were administered at baseline, resulting in eight predictive scores. Informants and primary care physicians provided information about harm that occurred to the participants during the 18-month prospective follow up. An incident was defined as harmful if it occurred as the result of self-neglect or disorientation and resulted in physical injury or property loss or damage and required emergency interventions. Proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictive relationship between the eight neuropsychological tests and time to incident harm with age, sex, education, the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and the Mini-Mental State Examination included in the model as covariates. RESULTS: Twenty-seven participants experienced harm during the 18-month follow-up period. A proportional hazards model indicated that three neuropsychological tests, which measured recognition memory, executive functioning, and conceptualization, were independent risk factors for harm. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide insight into why harm occurred in these cognitively impaired elders who lived alone. They also support the ecologic validity of these tests and suggest directions for the development of intervention strategies for harm prevention.     

CongenitaI Polycystic Disease of the Brain: Report of an Unusual Case

Multiple congenital supratentorial intracerebral cysts occurred in a newborn infant. The cysts, of varying size, content and lining, occupied the cerebral hemispheres. They formed a mosaic pattern on CT scan and left no trace of a recognisable ventricular system. Multiple surgical procedures were performed during the first year of life, and at one year the child was very well and asymptomatic, with two functioning shunts.     

Sonographic changes following splenectomy for portal hypertension in Schistosoma mansoni.

Eleven patients with portal hypertension due to infection with Schistosoma mansoni underwent splenectomy and devascularization operations. The patients were examined with ultrasound once preoperatively and twice postoperatively over a period of about 6 months. Following surgery there was significant and sequential reduction in the diameter of the portal vein at the hilum and the splenic vein at the pancreas. The liver lengths and index of liver size did not change significantly. No changes in the degree of periportal fibrosis could be detected.     

The asymmetries in morphology, desoxyribonucleic acid, protein and ribonucleic acid of the two hemispheres induced by monolateral removal of the olfactory bulb and retrobulbar structures in neonatal rats

Monolateral removal of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory penduncular structures in the neonatal rat resulted in a profound morphological and biochemical asymmetry between the two hemispheres. The experimental hemisphere, ipsilateral to the lesion, protruded into the space normally occupied by the olfactory bulb and showed enlarged ventricles. The brain loci were displaced rostrally in this hemisphere.The desoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and protein contents of the experimental hemisphere at 25 and 60 days of age were all significantly lower than that found in the control hemisphere contralateral to the lesion.To resolve between the two possible causes of this asymmetry (i.e. atrophy of the experimental or hypertrophy of the control hemisphere) hemispheres of the asymmetric brain were compared with homonymous hemispheres of unoperated normal rats. This comparison revealed that the asymmetry is basically due to an excess of desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the control hemisphere, which continues even after postnatal day 25, on the one hand, and a dearth of protein in the experimental hemisphere on the other. This finding implies two separate mechanisms for the processes that underlie the asymmetries observed for these two substances.Our results demonstrate two important characteristics of the developing brain. Firstly they indicate that removal of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory peduncle can produce considerable changes in the hemispheres, and secondly they unravel the strong latent potential of the brain for cell proliferation beyond the usual period of cell division in the brain. As in these experiments regulation of cell division is affected, this system might serve as a model for the study of aberrant cell division found in tumor formation and the process of carcinogenesis.     

Use of Antibodies in Lymphocyte Secretions for Detection of Subclinical Tuberculosis Infection in Asymptomatic Contacts

We have previously demonstrated that Mycobacterium bovis BCG-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in lymphocyte secretions (ALS) can be employed as a marker for active tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to determine whether the ALS method allows detection of subclinical TB infection in asymptomatic individuals. A prospective study of family contacts (FCs) of patients with active TB and healthy controls was performed. Thirteen of 42 FCs had high ALS responses, including 6 FCs who subsequently developed active TB. No correlation was observed between the tuberculin skin test and the ALS responses in the FCs (r = 0.1, P = 0.23). Among patients with active TB, BCG-specific ALS responses steadily declined from the time of diagnosis through 6 months following antimycobacterial chemotherapy (P = 0.001). The ALS assay enabled detection of infection in exposed symptom-free contacts, who are at greater risk for developing active TB. The method may also allow discrimination between effective treatment of active infection and suboptimal response to therapy.     

Spinal stenosis due to posterior syndesmophytes in a patient with seronegative spondyloarthropathy

Summary Spinal involvement in spondyloarthropathy is characterized by inflammation concentrated at the site of bony insertion of ligaments and bones. These inflammatory sites show a peculiar tendency towards prominent fibrosis, ossification and new bone formation (syndesmophytes). The syndesmophytes arise either at the margins of intervertebral disc and these are called marginal syndesmophytes as in ankylosing spondylitis, or from the vertebral bodies beyond their corners and are called nonmarginal syndesmophytes as in psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome (1,2). In some references and in the European literature, the term syndesmophyte is usually reserved for the vertical ossification that bridges two adjacent vertebrae in ankylosing spondylitis (3) Syndesmophytes predominate on the anterior and lateral aspect of the spine (1–3). We report a patient with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy with posterior syndesmophytes resulting in symptomatic spinal stenosis.     

Nonexpanded Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction Local Therapy on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Allografts

Aim of the study: Adipose tissue possesses a population of multi-potent stem cells which can be differentiated to a Schwann cell phenotype and may be of benefit for treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Effects of local therapy of nonexpanded adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) on peripheral nerve regeneration was studied using allografts in a rat sciatic nerve model. Materials and Methods: Thirty male white Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups (n = 10), randomly: Sham-operated group (SHAM), allograft group (ALLO), SVF-treated group (ALLO/SVF). In SHAM group left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and after homeostasis muscle was sutured. In the ALLO group the left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and transected proximal to the tibio-peroneal bifurcation where a 10 mm segment was excised. The same procedure was performed in the ALLO/SVF group. The harvested nerves of the rats of ALLO group were served as allograft for ALLO/SVF group and vice versa. The SHAM and ALLO groups received 100 μL phosphate buffered saline and the ALLO/SVF group received 100 μL SVF (2.25 ± 0.45 × 10⁷ cells) locally where the grafting was performed. Results: Behavioral, functional, biomechanical, and gastrocnemius muscle mass showed earlier regeneration of axons in ALLO/SVF than in ALLO group (p < .05). Histomorphometic and immunohistochemical studies also showed earlier regeneration of axons in ALLO/SVF than in ALLO group (p < .05). Conclusions: Administration of nonexpanded SVF could accelerate functional recovery after nerve allografting in sciatic nerve. It may have clinical implications for the surgical management of patients after nerve transection.     

Ratiometric analysis in hyperpolarized NMR (I): test of the two‐site exchange model and the quantification of reaction rate constants

Conventional methods for the analysis of in vivo hyperpolarized ¹³C NMR data from the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction usually make assumptions on the stability of rate constants and/or the validity of the two‐site exchange model. In this study, we developed a framework to test the validity of the assumption of stable reaction rate constants and the two‐site exchange model in vivo via ratiometric fitting of the time courses of the signal ratio L(t)/P(t). Our analysis provided evidence that the LDH enzymatic kinetics observed by hyperpolarized NMR are in near‐equilibrium and satisfy the two‐site exchange model for only a specific time window. In addition, we quantified both the forward and reverse exchange rate constants of the LDH reaction for the transgenic and mouse xenograft models of breast cancer using the ratio fitting method developed, which includes only two modeling parameters and is less sensitive to the influence of instrument settings/protocols, such as flip angles, degree of polarization and tracer dosage. We further compared the ratio fitting method with a conventional two‐site exchange modeling method, i.e. the differential equation fitting method, using both the experimental and simulated hyperpolarized NMR data. The ratio fitting method appeared to fit better than the differential equation fitting method for the reverse rate constant on the mouse tumor data, with less relative errors on average, whereas the differential equation fitting method also resulted in a negative reverse rate constant for one tumor. The simulation results indicated that the accuracy of both methods depends on the width of the transport function, noise level and rate constant ratio; one method may be more accurate than the other based on the experimental/biological conditions aforementioned. We were able to categorize our tumor models into specific conditions of the computer simulation and to estimate the errors of rate quantification. We also discussed possible approaches to the development of more accurate rate quantification methods for hyperpolarized NMR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.