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M. W. Oram D. I. Perrett J. K. Hietanen 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1993,97(2):274-294
An investigation was made into the directional sensitivity of cells in the macaque anterior superior temporal polysensory region (STPa) to the motion of objects. The cells studied were sensitive to the presence of motion but showed little or no selectivity for the form of the stimulus. Directional tuning was not continuously distributed about all possible directions. The majority of cells were most responsive to motion in a direction within 15° of one of the three cartesian axes (up/down, left/right, towards/away). Tuning to direction varied in sharpness. For most (34/37) cells the angular change in direction required to reduce response to half maximal was between 45 and 70° (for 3/37 cells it was > 90°). The estimates of the directionality (median I
d = 0.97) of STPa cells was similar to that reported for posterior motion processing areas (the middle temporal area, MT, and the medial superior temporal area, MST). The tuning for direction (sharpness, distribution and discrimination) of the motion-sensitive STPa cells were found to be similar to the tuning for perspective view of STPa cells selective for static form of the head and body. On average the STPa responses showed a 100- to 300-ms transient burst of activity followed by a tonic discharge maintained at approximately 20% of the peak firing rate for the duration of stimulation. The responses of motion-sensitive STPa cells occurred at an earlier latency (mean 91 ms) than responses of cells selective for static form (mean 119 ms), but the time course of responses of the two classes of cell were similar in many other respects. The early response latency and directional selectivity indicate that motion sensitivity in STPa cells derives from the dorsal visual pathway via MT/MST. The similarity of tuning for direction and perspective view within STPa may facilitate the integration of motion and form processing within this high-level brain area. 相似文献
5.
In a previous study we demonstrated that mitogen-stimulated CD8+ CD4-T cells from normal donors produce a suppressive lymphokine (PASL) of IgE-dependent platelet cytotoxicity. Here we demonstrate the production, after antigenic-stimulation, of this suppressive factor during ongoing infections by Schistosoma mansoni in man and in the rat. The T lymphocyte subpopulation producing this factor was also identified as expressing the marker of the suppressive subset. Because of the absence of species restriction, the relevance in vivo of PASL was determined in the rat model. In these conditions we observed a complete abolition of the protection normally conferred against a challenge infection by the passive transfer of platelets from immune to normal rats after treatment of transferred platelets with T lymphocyte supernatants. 相似文献
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Relative carriage rates of nuclear dehydrogenating clostridia in two populations of different colorectal cancer risk
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Carriage of nuclear dehydrogenating clostridia has been associated with colon cancer and implicated in its aetiology. This study has compared the carriage of these organisms in a British population at high risk for the development of colon cancer with a low risk Nigerian population. Clostridia were found in all of the stools from both populations. Nuclear dehydrogenating clostridia were only found in the stools of the British subjects (32%). These results support the suggestion that the carriage rate of nuclear dehydrogenating clostridia in a population is related to the risk of colon cancer. 相似文献
8.
S. P. Perrett 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1998,121(2):115-124
Little is known about mechanisms used by the nervous system to encode time. In light of recent evidence, cerebellar cortex
involvement in the learned timing of conditioned eyelid responses shows promise as an area of investigation into neural timing
mechanisms. Lesion studies indicate that the cerebellar cortex is necessary for response timing, but do not rule out the possibility
that response timing is encoded afferent to the cerebellum. To differentiate between precerebellar and cerebellar cortical
timing mechanisms, rabbits were trained by pairing direct stimulation of mossy fibers in the cerebellum as the conditioned
stimulus (CS) with an eyeshock unconditioned stimulus (US). We find that individual animals can produce diffently timed conditioned
responses when trained with a mossy fiber CS that has been paired with the US at various interstimulus intervals. The fact
that differently timed responses can be conditioned using constant-frequency stimulation of an invariant subset of mossy fibers
as the CS suggests that timing information in the afferent input to the cerebellum is not essential. Two rabbits trained with
single-pulse stimulation in the cerebellum as the CS also learned differently timed conditioned responses; suggesting that
fiber recruitment during a stimulus train does not convey the necessary temporal coding to the cerebellar cortex. Together
with the lesion data, these findings suggest that the learned timing of conditioned eyelid responses occurs in the cerebellar
cortex.
Received: 25 August 1997 / Accepted: 12 January 1998 相似文献
9.
Development of hatching blastocysts from immature human oocytes following in-vitro maturation and fertilization using a co-culture system 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Hwu YM; Lee RK; Chen CP; Su JT; Chen YW; Lin SP 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1998,13(7):1916-1921
Recently, in-vitro maturation (IVM) of immature human oocytes recovered
from non-stimulated follicles has been applied in the treatment of
infertility. However, in previous reports, very few embryos cultured in
conventional medium have reached the expanded blastocyst stage following
in-vitro maturation and fertilization (IVM/IVF). The objective of this
study was to investigate whether the developmental competence of human
embryos following IVM/IVF could be enhanced by the use of a human ampullary
cell co-culture system. Immature human oocytes were aspirated from small
follicles at Caesarean section and then cultured in medium containing human
menopausal gonadotrophin for 36 to 48 h, followed by insemination. Zygotes
were randomly cultured either in conventional culture medium alone or in
the co-culture system. Of 48 embryos cultured in conventional medium alone,
all arrested at the 2-16- cell stage on day 3 after insemination. Of 46
embryos cultured in the co-culture system, 26 embryos (56.5%) arrested at
the 2-16-cell stage. Six embryos (13%) developed to the morula stage.
Fourteen embryos (30.4%) developed to expanded blastocysts and two
blastocysts were hatching on day 7 after insemination. We conclude that
co-culture significantly enhances the development of blastocysts in embryos
resulting from IVM/IVF.
相似文献
10.
D. I. Perrett M. W. Oram M. H. Harries R. Bevan J. K. Hietanen P. J. Benson S. Thomas 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1991,86(1):159-173
Summary An investigation was made into the sensitivity of cells in the macaque superior temporal sulcus (STS) to the sight of different perspective views of the head. This allowed assessment of (a) whether coding was viewer-centred (view specific) or object-centred (view invariant) and (b) whether viewer-centred cells were preferentially tuned to characteristic views of the head. The majority of cells (110) were found to be viewer-centred and exhibited unimodal tuning to one view. 5 cells displayed object-centred coding responding equally to all views of the head. A further 5 cells showed mixed properties, responding to all views of the head but also discriminating between views. 6 out of 56 viewer and object-centred cells exhibited selectivity for face identity or species. Tuning to view varied in sharpness. For most (54/73) cells the angle of perspective rotation reducing response to half maximal was 45–70° but for 19/73 it was >90°. More cells were optimally tuned to characteristic views of the head (the full face or profile) than to other views. Some cells were, however, found tuned to intermediate views throughout the full 360 degree range. This coding of many distinct head views may have a role in the analysis of social signals based on the interpretation of the direction of other individuals' attention. 相似文献