AMPK在妊娠期糖尿病发病机制中的作用

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶是一种重要的蛋白激酶,主要作用是协调代谢和能量平衡.腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶被激活后,在增加骨骼肌对葡萄糖摄取、增强胰岛素敏感性、增加脂肪酸氧化以及调节基因转录等方面发挥重要作用.已经证实脂联素有调节糖脂代谢的作用,但其作用机制尚不十分清楚,很可能是通过腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶介导,对脂联素信号转导通路的研究将成为进一步理解脂联素作用的关键所在.而脂联素又是妊娠期糖尿病的预测因子,所以腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶逐渐成为对妊娠期糖尿病研究中的焦点.     

Non-adherence to endocrine therapy for breast cancer.

Women with breast cancer often face a variety of decisions regardingtheir treatment at diagnosis and in follow-up. When consideringendocrine therapy, whether for early or advanced breast cancer,there are several options available, with differing side-effectsand routes of administration, from which a woman and her healthcare providers must choose. In this issue of Annals of Oncology,Professor Fallowfield and colleagues elucidate preferences ofwomen with breast cancer regarding endocrine therapy, consideringbetween tablet and injection formulations. Through interviewswith 208 women with a history of early or stable advanced breastcancer, the investigators found that most women (63%) preferredtablet therapy to injections,     

Parental perception of neonatal intensive care in public sector hospitals in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about parental experience and decision making with regard to premature infants requiring intensive care in developing countries. We undertook this study to characterise parents' experience of physician counselling and their role in making life-support decisions for very low-birth-weight (VLBW) (birth weight < 1 501 g) infants born in South Africa's public-sector neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS: Parents of surviving VLBW infants treated in three Johannesburg-area public hospitals and attending follow-up clinics in August 2001 were interviewed regarding their experience of perinatal counselling on outcomes (pain, survival, disability), perception of actual and optimal decision making, and satisfaction with NICU communication. RESULTS: Parents of 51 infants were interviewed. Seventy-five per cent of parents reported antenatal counselling by physicians on at least one perinatal topic (severe disability, pain, death, finances or religious/moral considerations). The majority of parents (> 60%) who received counselling thought that these topics had been discussed adequately. Most parents reported that doctors had the primary decision-making role, either without consulting them (41%) or after consulting them (37%). Joint decision making was rare (14%). Parents wanted more input in life-support decisions than they reported being given. CONCLUSION: Counselling is not consistently provided in public-sector hospitals in Johannesburg. Parents of premature infants want a larger share in NICU decision making than they currently experience. Most parents were satisfied with communication later during their infant's hospitalisation. South Africa presents a unique opportunity to study the use of advanced medical technologies in a nation with marked disparities in access to care.     

Development of the satisfaction with inhaled asthma treatment questionnaire.

For the management of a condition such as asthma, patients should feel confident with their medication, feel that the treatment is adequate in controlling symptoms and that side-effects of the treatment are minimal. As no comprehensive instrument to measure patient satisfaction with inhaled asthma medication existed, the Satisfaction with Asthma Treatment Questionnaire was developed. The procedures that were used are described, and the initial validation and reliability tests are reported. The study involved focus group meetings, development, testing and modification of a preliminary instrument, and testing of the revised instrument using different samples of patients with asthma. Factor analysis of the 26-item questionnaire identified four domains reflecting four aspects of satisfaction: effectiveness of treatment, ease of use, medication burden, and side-effects and worries. Cronbach's alpha showed evidence of internal consistency reliability. Test/retest reliability ranged from 0.66-0.74. Interscale correlations were moderate-to-high. Significant correlations were found between domain and overall scale scores and patients' overall level of satisfaction. The Satisfaction with Asthma Treatment Questionnaire is potentially a useful instrument for gaining insight into patient satisfaction with inhaled treatment for asthma.     

Objectively measuring physical ability in elderly persons: the Physical Capacity Evaluation.

The Physical Capacity Evaluation, a performance measure of functional capabilities comprised of 13 tasks simulating those used in activities of daily living, was tested on 289 community-dwelling elderly people and compared against a widely used self-report measure of function, the Health Assessment Questionnaire. Factor analysis identified one dominant component in each instrument. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was .90 for both instruments. Global disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) and function (Physical Capacity Evaluation) scores were correlated -.74. One-week retest reliabilities on 58 subjects were .94 for the Physical Capacity Evaluation and .95 for the Health Assessment Questionnaire. The Physical Capacity Evaluation is a valid and reliable measure of physical performance for use with elderly people.     

Colour flow imaging of calf vein thrombosis.

Ultrasound and more recently colour Doppler ultrasound has been successfully used in the diagnosis of lower limb venous occlusive disease. Colour Doppler ultrasound has shown promise in the diagnosis of calf vein thrombosis but to date there has been no prospective trial to specifically evaluate its potential. In view of this, we carried out a prospective trial of 50 patients comparing the accuracy of colour Doppler ultrasound with venography in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis both above and below knee but in particular with respect to the detection of calf vein clot. Of the 50 patients studied, 10 had only one imaging modality performed as there were eight venographic failures and two ultrasonic failures. Comparison was only thus possible in 40 cases. As in previous studies, colour Doppler ultrasound was shown to be accurate in the diagnosis of thrombosis within the femoro-popliteal veins and had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% respectively. With respect to calf vein lesions, there was one false negative scan using the ultrasonic technique giving a sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 100% and accuracy of 97.5%. We feel colour Doppler ultrasound can and should be used as a first line alternative to venography and can be employed for the exclusion of both above and below knee deep venous thrombosis. Venography should now be reserved for those patients who are unsuitable for ultrasound examination or who have an equivocal ultrasound scan.     

Genetic ablation of the t-SNARE SNAP-25 distinguishes mechanisms of neuroexocytosis.

Axon outgrowth during development and neurotransmitter release depends on exocytotic mechanisms, although what protein machinery is common to or differentiates these processes remains unclear. Here we show that the neural t-SNARE (target-membrane-associated-soluble N-ethylmaleimide fusion protein attachment protein (SNAP) receptor) SNAP-25 is not required for nerve growth or stimulus-independent neurotransmitter release, but is essential for evoked synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions and central synapses. These results demonstrate that the development of neurotransmission requires the recruitment of a specialized SNARE core complex to meet the demands of regulated exocytosis.