Measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in wheelchair rugby athletes

Objective: Report measured resting energy expenditure (REE) in wheelchair rugby athletes and evaluate agreement between REE and the prediction models of Chun, Cunningham, Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Nightingale and Gorgey, and Owen.

Design: Cohort-based validation study.

Setting. Paralympic team training camp.

Participants: Fourteen internationally competitive athletes who play wheelchair rugby, 13 of whom had cervical spinal cord injuries (SCI).

Outcome Measures: A portable metabolic analyzer was used to measure REE following an overnight fast and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess lean body mass for the prediction equations.

Results: REE in the current sample was 1735?±?257?kcal?×?day^?1 ranging from 1324 to 2068?kcal?×?day^{?1 Bhambhani Y. Physiology of wheelchair racing in athletes with spinal cord injury. Sports Med 2002;32(1):23–51.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]}. Bland–Altman analyses revealed negative mean bias but similar limits of agreement between measured REE and scores predicted by Chun, Cunningham, Mifflin, Nightingale and Gorgey, and Owen models in elite athletes who play wheelchair rugby.

Conclusion: Prediction models regressed on persons with and without SCI under-predicted REE of competitive wheelchair rugby athletes. This outcome may be explained by the higher REE/fat-free mass (FFM) ratio of current athletes compared to less active samples. Findings from the current study will help practitioners to determine nutrient intake needs on training days of varied intensity.     

Selective drainage for pancreatic, biliary, and duodenal obstruction secondary to chronic fibrosing pancreatitis.

Twenty-eight patients underwent surgery for intractable pain, duodenal or extrahepatic biliary obstruction secondary to chronic pancreatitis. Eleven had pancreatic duct obstruction alone, six biliary obstruction alone, seven combined pancreatic and biliary, two combined biliary and duodenal, one combined pancreatic and duodenal, and one simultaneous pancreatic, biliary, and duodenal obstruction. Pancreatitis was secondary to alcohol in all but one case. The following operations were performed: longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy (20), choledochoduodenostomy (8), choledochojejunostomy (7), cholecystojejunostomy (1), and gastrojejunostomy (4). Of the 20 patients with pancreatic duct drainage, pain relief was complete in 11 and partial in six. Initial incomplete relief of pain, or recurrence, stimulated further diagnostic procedures, leading to improvement or correction of the problem in five patients. A significant (p less than 0.01) fall in alkaline phosphatase (935 +/- 228 to 219 +/- 61 U/L) occurred following surgery. One patient was subsequently found to have pancreatic carcinoma. Two patients were lost to follow-up and four patients died (one perioperative and three late). In conclusion, the possibility of pancreatic, biliary, and duodenal obstruction must be considered in symptomatic patients with chronic pancreatitis. Surgery must be individualized. Drainage procedures, either alone or in combination, are associated with a low morbidity and improved clinical condition and may be preferable to resection in the surgical management of these patients.     

Alcohol and sleep apnea

Acute ingestion of ethanol induces vasodilation and swelling of respiratory mucosa; it depresses respiratory centers resulting in hypotonia of oropharyngeal dilator muscles and inducing or aggravating sleep apnea. However, no association between the sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) has been demonstrated.     

Metallothionein in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: expression, induction and zinc uptake.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays several important roles in the continual support and renewal of photoreceptor outer segments. In the present study, we have demonstrated that RPE cells contain a low molecular weight protein with a high capacity for zinc binding that is dependent on available sulfhydryl groups. This protein is inducible by a 24 hour incubation of cultured RPE in medium supplemented with zinc, cadmium, or dexamethasone. The induction of this protein is correlated with an increased capacity for zinc-65 uptake into cultured RPE. Analysis with a cDNA probe specific for the human metallothionein II gene corroborated the existence and induction of metallothionein gene products in RPE cells. Based on these properties, we have identified this protein as metallothionein. The induction of metallothionein likely has a critical influence on the zinc economy of the RPE.     

Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with typical retinitis pigmentosa

We performed detailed audiologic testing in 45 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 45 age- and sex-matched controls. Ten (22%) of the retinitis pigmentosa patients had a sensorineural hearing loss that varied from mild to severe. None of the control subjects had a hearing loss. Audiograms measured over a ten- to 30-year period were available for four patients with retinitis pigmentosa and each showed progressive hearing loss. The results indicate the important role of audiologic evaluation in treating patients with retinitis pigmentosa.     

Altered proteoglycans in cultured human retinitis pigmentosa retinal pigment epithelium

Proteoglycans are involved in a variety of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These include cell adhesion, growth regulation and a number of developmental processes. Their involvement in such interactions may be of particular importance in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) because of the detachment and migration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells often associated with this condition. Because of these important functions in cell behavior, we have been studying the proteoglycans produced by human RPE and how these may be altered in RP. Confluent cultures of RPE from normal donors and from two donors with dominantly inherited RP were labeled with 3H-glucosamine and 35SO4 and the proteoglycans isolated from the medium, substratum and two cell membrane-associated compartments, designated "EDTA-released" and "cell-associated." The proteoglycans were analyzed for size distribution by Sepharose CL-4B chromatography and for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition based on enzymatic and chemical susceptibilities. Differences in size distribution and GAG composition were found between the two cell-associated compartments on normal cells. Retinitis pigmentosa proteoglycans differed from their normal counterparts in corresponding compartments both in size distribution and GAG composition. Most affected were those proteoglycans released from the cell surface by EDTA. These findings may be of importance in retinitis pigmentosa since alterations in these molecules could influence the way RPE cells interact with their microenvironment.