The vascular anatomy of the lumbrical muscles in the hand.

The lumbrical muscles are located in the midpalm, dorsal to the palmar aponeurosis. The main function of these muscles is an indirect contribution to interphalangeal joint extension by decreasing the flexor effect of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle. Due to their minor biomechanical functions and suitable constructions, these muscles have been preferred in reconstructive surgery as local transposition flaps or pedicled flaps. Despite the surgical and clinical importance, vascular anatomical studies of these muscles are not well represented in the current literature. This study was performed in the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine of the Ege University. Thirty-four cadaver hands, injected with red-coloured latex were used, and we aimed to describe the morphometry and vascular anatomy of the lumbrical muscles. We measured the length and width of the muscles, after removing their epimisium, and the diameter and length of the arteries to the muscles. The outcomes of our study determined that the length and width of the lumbrical muscles were reduced significantly from radial towards ulnar sides. The lumbrical muscles were supplied from both their palmar and dorsal surfaces by both superficial and deep palmar arches and/or their branches. We also described the level of entry of the dominant arteries for each lumbrical muscle and measured the size of the vessels and muscles to guide some surgical approaches. This anatomical study could guide for some surgical approaches and reduce the deficiency about the vascular anatomical patterns of the lumbrical muscles in the literature.     

Mucopolysaccharidosis VII as cause of fetal hydrops in early pregnancy

We report on fetal hydrops presenting at 18 weeks of gestation and diagnosed as β-glucuronidase deficiency. The parents were first cousins and there were 2 previous similar fetal deaths. β-Glucuronidase was absent in cultured fetal fibroblasts and lymphoblasts but was normal in the tested relatives. The activities of other lysosomal enzymes were normal. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Is there any relationship between human leucocyte antigen class II and chronic urticaria? (chronic urticaria and HLA class II)

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) typing of large groups of patients with various autoimmune diseases has demonstrated that some HLA alleles occur at higher frequencies in specific diseases than in the general population. Chronic urticaria has been shown to have an autoimmune basis by a previous study which found an association between chronic urticaria and specific HLA groups. We investigated the HLA subtypes of Turkish chronic urticaria patients. For this purpose 42 Turkish patients with chronic urticaria and 115 healthy controls were typed for HLA-DR and DQ by PCR-SSP (Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Specific Primers) low resolution DNA technique. We found an increased frequency of DR4 (42.9%, p=0.01) in chronic urticaria patients in comparison with that in healthy controls. This study supports the hypothesis that HLA alleles may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria and that they appear to be directly involved in the initiation of the immune response.     

Lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte superoxide-dismutase activity and trace metals in young male footballers

Physical training is known to induce oxidative stress in individuals subjected to intense exercise. In this study, we investigated plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of 25 young male footballers and a control group of similar age. Red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) values, and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels were also examined. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of all subjects was determined in order to establish their functional capacity. The main finding of the present study was that plasma MDA levels, one of the most commonly used markers of lipid peroxidation, of this group of footballers aged under 21 decreased slightly when compared with those of the control group (p < 0.001). In contrast, erythrocyte SOD activity was higher in the footballer group than in the controls (p < 0.001). Footballers who are under regular training showed an improved antioxidant activity in comparison to sedentary controls. Plasma copper concentration, RBC count and Hb concentration of the footballer group were all significantly lower than those of the control group, (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively). Investigating the footballers' data with Spearman's correlation analyses, the correlation coefficients (r) between Zn/Cu ratio and SOD was positive (r=0.44; p < 0.05); and between VO2max and SOD (r=0.42; p < 0.05) were both positive. On the basis of statistical analysis, we suggest that regular exercise may be beneficial in cases of oxidative damage by reducing the amount of lipid peroxidation and increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD.     

Relationship between Pollen Counts and Weather Variables in East-Mediterranean Coast of Turkey

BACKGROUND: Aeroallergen sampling provides information regarding the onset, duration and severity of the pollen season that clinicians use to guide allergen selection for skin testing and treatment. OBJECTIVES: This atmospheric survey reports (1) airborne pollen contributions in Adana in one-year period (2) pollen onset, duration and peak level (3) the relationship between airborne pollen and selected meteorological variables and; (4) effects on symptoms in pollen allergic children. METHODS: Pollen sampling was performed with a volumetric Burkard Spore Trap. Meteorological data were measured daily from April 2001 to April 2002. Asthma symptom scores were investigated in 186 pollen allergic children that were on follow up in pediatric allergy outpatient clinics during same period. RESULTS: Average measurements included 82.5% tree pollen, 7.7% grass pollen and 9.8% herb pollen 54 taxa were identified during one year. The most prominent tree pollens were Cupressaceae, Eucalyptus and Pinus. The most common herb was Chenopodiaceae pollen family. When airborne pollen levels were examined in relation to single meteorological conditions; daily variations in total pollen counts were not significantly correlated with any variable studied (humidity, rainfall, temperature and wind) (p > 0.05). On the other hand, statistically significant relationship between pollen concentration and symptom scores were found (p > 0.05). Positive correlations were seen between both Gramineae and Herb pollen, and humidity and rainfall from March to July. However, positive correlations were detected between tree pollen counts and temperature and humidity in May and June. CONCLUSION: This survey is the first volumetric airborne pollen analysis conducted in the survey area in Adana. This study suggested that the effects of weather on pollen count and symptom scores in this population could not be clearly identified with the evaluation of one-year data. However, pollen counts had effect on allergic symptoms in pollen allergic children. Examination of the complex interaction of multiple whether parameters would perhaps more fully elucidate the relationship between meteorology and aerobiology and provide the clinician with information necessary to forecast pollen prevalence. An awareness of the ever chancing, local aeroallergen patterns requires regular monitoring. Such awareness serves as a useful guide in the effective testing and treatment of atopic patients.     

The determinants of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) may be at higher risk of developing asthma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether reactivity to aeroallergens in skin prick testing (SPT) and serum eosinophil cationic protein levels can be used to predict BHR in allergic rhinitis patients. METHODS: Fifty-nine consecutive patients with allergic rhinitis underwent SPTs using grass, tree, weed, parietaria, Alternaria, Aspergillus, mites, and cat and dog dander extracts. Methacholine challenge tests were performed using spirometry. RESULTS: Methacholine-induced BHR was detected in 23 patients (39%). Of 59 patients, 14 had 1 positive SPT response, 35 had 2 to 4 positive responses, and 10 had more than 4 positive responses. There was a significant inverse correlation between methacholine provocation concentration that caused a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 20% (PC20) and the number of positive SPT responses (r = -0.28; P = .03). The BHR-positive patients had a mean of 4 positive SPT responses, whereas BHR-negative patients had a mean of 2.6 (P = .04). Nine BHR-positive patients (39%) and only 1 BHR-negative patient (3%) had more than 4 positive SPT responses (P < .001). There was no correlation between serum eosinophil cationic protein levels and methacholine PC20 doses. There was a strong association between hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and both cat and dog dander sensitivity (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Allergic rhinitis patients with SPT responses to a higher number of allergens are more likely to have BHR. Whether the number of positive SPT responses correlates with the risk of developing asthma in allergic rhinitis patients remains to be determined.     

The genotoxic effects of hepatitis B virus to host DNA

Chronic viral hepatitis is the main cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma throughout the world. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has mutagenic effects on somatic cells. HBV may be showing these mutagenic effects through its viral proteins or through integrating into host DNA. The aim of this study was to determine whether HBV has a genotoxic effect on host DNA or not. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of 31 chronic HBV patients and 20 chronic HBV carriers were cultured in order to make cytogenetic evaluation by observing chromosome breakage and cytological evaluation by the micronucleus (MN) test. Their results were compared with 20 healthy controls. For each individual, 100 metaphase chromosome spreads were analysed. Around 190-1091 binucleated cells were observed and MN were scored for each individual. Our results showed significantly higher frequencies of chromosome breaks in chronic HBV patients and in HBV carriers than in the control group. There was no difference in MN scores among HBV patients, HBV carriers and healthy carriers. Based on our data, we conclude that chronic HBV patients and carriers have chromosomal instability and that HBV carriers are as affected as patients because of their same chromosome breakage levels.     

Nasal mucosal expression of nitric oxide synthases in patients with allergic rhinitis and its relation to asthma.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) has contradictory roles in the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation in both allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma. Small amounts of NO produced by constitutive NO synthase (NOS) is anti-inflammatory, whereas large amounts produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) are proinflammatory. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in constitutive endothelial NOS (eNOS) and iNOS expression in nonallergic and allergic mucosa and the possible relation of this to the coexistence of asthma in seasonal AR. METHODS: Seventeen patients (10 women and 7 men) with seasonal AR and 9 nonallergic patients (5 women and 4 men) with nasal septum deviation were enrolled. Inferior turbinate nasal biopsy specimens were obtained in all. Levels of eNOS and iNOS expressed as immunohistochemical scores (HSCOREs) were determined immunohistochemically from the specimens. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD HSCOREs for eNOS in patients with seasonal AR were not significantly different from those of the nonallergic controls (1.85 +/- 0.78 vs 1.63 +/- 0.54; P = .12). On the other hand, the mean +/- SD HSCOREs for iNOS were significantly higher in patients with seasonal AR (1.75 +/- 0.75 vs 0.71 +/- 0.6; P = .004). Furthermore, although eNOS expression was not different between seasonal AR patients with and without asthma, the mean +/- SD HSCOREs for iNOS were significantly higher in the patients with asthma (1.93 +/- 0.78 vs 1.65 +/- 0.55; P = .01). CONCLUSION: Increased expression of iNOS might have a role in the development of allergic inflammation in upper and lower airways and in comorbidity of AR and asthma.     

Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a university hospital, Ankara, Turkey

Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates (n = 76) from clinical samples of patients admitted to Hacettepe University Hospital between January 1997 and December 2001 were included in the study. MICs of penicillin G, erythromycin A, clindamycin, cefaclor, cefotaxime, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin were determined by agar dilution. The isolates were serogrouped on the basis of the Neufeld Quellung reaction and were typed by BOX-PCR. Genetic polymorphism of the penicillin resistance genes pbp2b and pbp2x was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Of the 76 isolates tested, 64 (84.2%) showed intermediate resistance to penicillin, while 12 (15.8%) were resistant to higher levels of penicillin (MIC > or = 2 mg/L). The resistance patterns of the isolates revealed six different resistance profiles. There were 22 different serotypes, with c. 55% of the isolates belonging to serotypes 23B, 19A, 19F, 14, 6 A and 9V. Five distinct patterns for pbp2b and 12 distinct patterns for pbp2x were obtained by RFLP analysis of penicillin-binding protein genes. The combination of these patterns allowed isolates to be classified into 22 fingerprint subgroups. BOX-PCR analysis showed that the isolates fell into 14 distinct BOX genotypes, with 33 subtypes. Serotype 9V isolates with pbp genotype 2-6 and BOX-PCR type 4, 4.1 or 4.2 were related to the pandemic clone Spain(9V)-3. No relatedness to other international clones was detected among the other study strains, but genetic relatedness was observed among some of the serotype 19A and 23B isolates. Overall, the results demonstrated that most of the penicillin-resistant pneumococcal isolates in Turkey, other than those belonging to serotypes 9V, 19A and 23B, were derived from several independent clones, possibly resulting from multiple importation of strains originating from outside the country. Differences in pbp patterns, serotypes and resistance profiles among isolates that showed similar BOX-PCR patterns supported the hypothesis that horizontal transfer of capsular genes, pbp genes and other genetic determinants between S. pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci may have occurred.