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1.
In both adults and children with diabetes, technologies such as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring can help improve diabetes control, reduce hypoglycaemia and improve quality of life. Access to these technologies in the UK is very variable. Some technologies are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, while others have not been appraised, and new technologies are emerging all the time. Additionally, different guidelines for adults and children further complicate access to diabetes technology in the transition from paediatric to adult care. Against this background, Diabetes UK and NHS England have brought together a multidisciplinary group of experts, including clinicians and people with diabetes, to develop this consensus guideline, combining the different technologies into a common pathway to aid clinical and policy decision‐making. We created a pathway that supports the incremental addition of technology as monotherapy and then dual therapy in the same way that we incrementally add in therapeutic agents to support people with Type 2 diabetes to achieve their personalized glycaemic targets. The pathway emphasizes the importance of structured education, specialist support and appropriate access to psychological therapies, as essential pillars for optimized use of diabetes‐related technology, and recommends the re‐evaluation of its use when the individual is unable either to use the technology appropriately or to achieve the intended outcomes. This pathway is endorsed by UK‐wide clinical and patient associations and we recommend that providers and commissioners use it to ensure the right individual with diabetes has access to the right technology in a timely way to help achieve better outcomes. 相似文献
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Sircar AR Tripathi AK Choudhary SK Misra R 《The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India》1998,46(9):775-778
The present study describes the clinical and epidemiological features of 74 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented to a referral hospital. Sixty two patients (83.7%) were diagnosed to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Mean age of the patients was 34.9 +/- 12 years and male to female ratio was 3:1. Majority of patients (80%) were from lower socio-economic class. Multiple unprotected heterosexual contact with commercial sex workers in metropolitan cities of India, mainly Mumbai, was major risk factor in 82.1% male patients while most of the females (66.6%) had acquired infection from HIV positive husbands. Blood transfusion was the risk factor in 9(12.1%) patients. Sixty eight patients were infected with HIV 1, one with HIV 2, and five patients with both HIV 1 and HIV 2. Fever and weight loss were the commonest presenting symptoms. Tuberculosis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, and interstitial pneumonitis were present in 54.8%, 40.3% and 20.9% patients, respectively. Fourteen patients (22.5%) had generalised lymphadenopathy. Herpes zoster, cryptococcal meningitis, and peripheral neuropathy were infrequent. Response to standard antifungal and antitubercular treatment was satisfactory. Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and CNS toxoplasmosis were not found. The clinical manifestations of AIDS patients are strikingly different from that in the Western countries. It, thus, necessitates setting up of different guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and management of AIDS in India. 相似文献
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In inbred strains of mice, antiphosphorylcholine (PC) and anti-α1,3 dextran (DEX). antibodies
are structurally distinct from each other and have been shown to exhibit noncrossreactive
antigen binding and idiotypic specificities. However, the prototype anti-PC and
anti-DEX antibodies, TEPC15 and J558, respectively, were shown to be connected via a
common autoantiidiotypic monoclonal antibody isolated from newborn BALB/c mice. The
capacity of various monoclonal anti-PC and anti-DEX antibodies as well as the antigens PC
and DEX to modulate T15 and J558 idiotypes in BALB/c mice was tested by their administration
to newborn mice. Anti-PC antibodies of the .T15 idiotype injected into 2-4-day-old
mice, at a time when T15 anti-PC precursors develop in BALB/c mice, suppressed the anti-
PC response of these mice at 6 weeks of age. Similarly, J558 antibodies injected into 8-12-day-old mice, at a time when J558 precursors normally develop, suppressed the response to
DEX. As a further demonstration of this connectivity, the injection of J558 into 4-day-old
mice led to a down modulation of T15 idiotype, whereas both T15 and a minor idiotypeexpressing
antibody M167 when injected into 8-12-day-old mice caused a reduction in
expression of the J558 idiotype. As predicted from in vitro analysis, injection of anti-PC
antibodies of the M167 idiotype 2 to 4 days after birth enhanced the subsequent response to
PC. However, anti-PC antibodies expressing another minor M603 idiotype did not affect the
PC. response. The results parallel the in vitro enhancement of M167 antibodies but not M603
on T15 binding to antiidiotype in vitro. Similarly, anti-DEX antibodies expressing the M104E
idiotype had no detectable effects on the capacity to respond to PC or DEX or on the expression
of T15 and J558 idiotypes as adults. Exposure of newborn mice to PC led to a dramatic
reduction in the response to DEX as adults, whereas exposure to DEX at this stage of
development had no effect on response to PC as adults. Collectively, these observations provide
evidence for a complex functional connectivity between T15 and J558 idiotype-bearing B
cells during ontogeny and extend our previous observations that development of these idiotypes
is regulated by idiotype-directed interactions between B cells or their immunoglobulin
products. 相似文献
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A new alkaloid, N-benzoyl-16-acetylcycloxobuxidine, has been isolated from the leaves of BUXUS PAPILOSA, to which structure 1 has been assigned. 相似文献
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Sandeep K. Jha Imtiakum Jamir Kshitij Sisodia Niteen Kumar Gaurav Sood Nitin Shanker Sachin Anand Gaurav Dubey Vinod Choudhary Pankaj Lohia Amit Singhal Manav Wadhawan Ajay Kumar Abhideep Chaudhary 《Transplantation proceedings》2021,53(4):1118-1125
IntroductionLiving-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has been mostly suspended and deceased-donor living transplantation activity has been considerably reduced because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We modified our protocols and procedures in line with COVID-19 guidelines. Since the restructuring, we have performed 20 LDLTs. Our study reports the outcomes of these cases and demonstrates the feasibility of LDLT during this pandemic.Materials and MethodsThe changes were influenced by experiences and communications from across the globe. A month-long self-imposed moratorium was spent in restructuring the program and implementing new protocols. Twenty LDLTs were performed between April 18 and September 15 using the new protocols. Our experience includes 2 simultaneous liver-kidney transplants, 1 ABO-incompatible LDLT, and 1 pediatric case (age 11 months).ResultsNineteen patients recovered and 1 patient died. We maintained our postoperative immunosuppression protocol without many changes. Major complications were observed in 30% of recipients but none of the donors. One recipient was infected with COVID-19 during the postoperative period. A donor-recipient couple contracted COVID-19 after discharge from the hospital. All patients recovered from COVID-19 and liver enzymes were unaffected.ConclusionThis study represents a microcosm of experience in LDLT during the COVID-19 era. Outcomes of LDLT are not affected by COVID-19 per se, provided that we make necessary changes. 相似文献