Internet Game Addiction,Parental Attachment,and Parenting of Adolescents in South Korea

The adolescent-parent relationship is a major factor influencing juvenile delinquency, and Internet gaming addiction may exacerbate any conflict in that relationship. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among Internet game addiction, parental attachment, and parental attitude toward the rearing of adolescents in South Korea. The initial selected convenience sample comprised 624 middle school and high school students. Self-reported measures of an Internet Game Addiction Scale, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment–Revised version, and the modified Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire were analyzed. A significant relationship was found between Internet game addiction and both parental attachment and the adolescents’ perception of parenting of adolescents. Those helping adolescents with an Internet game addiction should consider not only the adolescents’ Internet game usage pattern but also their relationship with their parents.     

Risks of Lung Cancer due to Radon Exposure among the Regions of Korea

Radon is likely the second most common cause of lung cancer after smoking. We estimated the lung cancer risk due to radon using common risk models. Based on national radon survey data, we estimated the population-attributable fraction (PAF) and the number of lung cancer deaths attributable to radon. The exposure-age duration (EAD) and exposure-age concentration (EAC) models were used. The regional average indoor radon concentration was 37.5 95 Bq/m³. The PAF for lung cancer was 8.3% (European Pooling Study model), 13.5% in males and 20.4% in females by EAD model, and 19.5% in males and 28.2% in females by EAC model. Due to differences in smoking by gender, the PAF of radon-induced lung cancer deaths was higher in females. In the Republic of Korea, the risk of radon is not widely recognized. Thus, information about radon health risks is important and efforts are needed to decrease the associated health problems.

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Analysis of Pediatric Surgery Using the National Healthcare Insurance Service Database in Korea: How Many Pediatric Surgeons Do We Need in Korea?

BackgroundIn the past, general surgeons (GSs) without a pediatric surgical subspecialty often performed surgery on children and, even now, GSs are performing many pediatric surgeries. We aimed to investigate the involvement of pediatric surgeons (PSs) and GSs in pediatric surgery, compare the outcomes of surgery in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and estimate the appropriate PS workforce in Korea.MethodsWe used surgical data from the National Health Insurance Service database that was collected from patients under the age of 19 years in hospitals nationwide from January 2002 to December 2017. In this database, we found 37 hospitals where PSs worked by using the index operation (congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, Hirschsprung''s disease, abdominal wall defect, jejunoileal atresia, malrotation, anorectal malformation, and biliary atresia). It was assumed that the surgery in the 37 hospitals was performed by PS and that the surgery in other hospitals was performed by GS. Mortality was analyzed to compare the outcomes of acute abdominal surgery in the NICU. We estimated the number of PS currently needed in Korea for each situation under the assumption that PS would perform all operations for the index operation, main pediatric diseases (index operation + gastroesophageal reflux disease, choledochal cyst, inguinal hernia, and appendicitis), acute abdominal surgery in the NICU, and all pediatric surgeries. Additionally, we estimated the appropriate number of PS required for more advanced pediatric surgery in the future.ResultsThe number of pediatric surgeries from 2002 to 2017 increased by 124%. Approximately 10.25% of the total pediatric surgeries were performed by PSs, and the percentage of the surgery performed by PSs increased from 8.32% in 2002 to 15.92% in 2017. The percentage of index operations performed by PSs annually was 62.44% in average. It was only 47.81% in 2002, and increased to 88.79% in 2017. During the last 5 years of the study period, the average annual number of surgeries for main pediatric diseases was approximately 33,228. The ratio of the number of surgeries performed by PS vs. GS steadily increased in main pediatric diseases, however, the ratio of the number of surgery performed by PS for inguinal hernia and appendicitis remained low in the most recent years. The percentage of the number of acute abdominal surgery performed by PS in the NICU was 44% in 2002, but it had recently risen to 89.7%. After 30 days of birth, mortality was significantly lower in all groups that were operated on by PS, rather than GS, during the last 5 years. In 2019, 49 PSs who were under the age of 65 years were actively working in Korea. Assuming that all pediatric surgeries of the patients under the age of 19 years should be performed by PS, the minimum number of PS currently required was about 63 if they perform all of the index operations, the main pediatric surgery was about 209, the NICU operation was about 63, and the all pediatric surgeries was about 366. Additionally, it was determined that approximately 165 to 206 PS will be appropriate for Korea to implement more advanced pediatric surgery in the future.ConclusionThe proportion of the pediatric surgery performed by PS rather than GS is increasing in Korea, but it is still widely performed by GS. PSs have better operative outcomes for acute abdominal surgery in the NICU than GSs. We believe that at least the index operation or the NICU operation should be performed by PS for better outcome, and that a minimum of 63 PSs are needed in Korea to do so. In addition, approximately 200 PSs will be required in Korea in order to manage main pediatric diseases and to achieve more advanced pediatric surgery in the future.     

HEAD START ENROLLMENT AND CHILDREN'S MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT

This secondary data analysis from a Head Start program examines the association between children's entry age and enrollment duration and the likelihood of mental health treatment. Study questions are as follows: (a) Do baseline characteristics differ among three groups of Head Start children? (children who enrolled at 3 years of age and stayed for 1 year [group 1], enrolled at 4 years of age and stayed for 1 year [group 2], and enrolled at 3 years of age and stayed for 2 years [group 3]); (b) Does the likelihood of children's mental health treatment differ among the groups?; and (c) Are baseline characteristics associated with the likelihood of mental health treatment? Except ethnicity and family size, other baseline characteristics did not differ across the three groups. Groups 1 and 3 received more mental health treatment than group 2. Different percentages of mental health treatment were found, depending on children's gender, ethnicity, family income, special needs, and bilingual status.     

A comparison of younger and older adults' self-assessment manikin ratings of affective pictures

Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) ratings were used to examine whether groups of 21 younger (M age = 20.02 years, SD = 2.28) and 21 older (M age = 66.26 years, SD = 5.64) adults had similar affective experiences to pictures from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). The psychometrics of the SAM valence and arousal scales were also compared across age groups. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was similar for younger and older adults, where both groups made less consistent valence ratings than arousal ratings. Both groups differed from the norms for valence for pleasant pictures, but were no more different from each other than they were from the norms. Age group differences were most evident in the pleasant region of the bivariate valence by arousal affective space, where younger adults found pleasant-aroused pictures to be more pleasant and arousing than older adults did. We suggest that this age group difference could be explained by greater affect intensity and surgency for the younger group and greater emotional control and leveling of positive affect for the older group.     

Efficient simulation of P values for linkage analysis

In many genetic linkage analyses, the P value is obtained through simulation since the underlying distribution of the test statistic is complex and unknown. However, this can be very computationally intensive. A "bootstrap/replicate pool" approach has been suggested that generates P values more efficiently in terms of computation by resampling sums from a small set of simulated replicates for each pedigree. The replicate pool idea has been successfully applied, but, to our knowledge, has never been theoretically studied. An entirely different method for increasing the computational efficiency of P value simulation is Besag and Clifford's sequential sampling method. We propose an algorithm which combines Besag and Clifford's method with the replicate pool method to efficiently estimate P values for linkage studies. We derive variance expressions for the P value estimates from the replicate pool method and from our proposed hybrid method, and use these to show that the hybrid estimator has a substantial advantage over the other methods in most situations.     

Prospective validation of computed tomographic screening of the thoracolumbar spine in trauma

OBJECTIVE: Concern for thoracolumbar spine (TLS) injuries after major trauma mandates immobilization pending radiographic evaluation. Current protocols use standard posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the thoracolumbar spine (XR/TLS), but many patients also undergo abdominal or thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scanning. We sought to evaluate whether helical truncal CT scanning performed to evaluate visceral trauma images the spine as well as dedicated XR/TLS. METHODS: We prospectively studied 222 consecutive patients sustaining high-risk trauma requiring TLS screening because of clinical findings or altered mentation. The chest, abdomen, and pelvis were imaged with one intravenous contrast infusion. All patients had CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (CT/CAP) and XR/TLS. Initial radiologic diagnoses were compared with the discharge diagnosis of acute fractures confirmed by thin-cut CT scan and/or clinical examination of the patient when alert. RESULTS: Of 222 patients studied, 215 were fully evaluated. Thirty-six (17%) had acute TLS fractures. The accuracy of CT/CAP for TLS fractures was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96-100%). The accuracy of XR/TLS was 87% (95% CI, 82-92%). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were better for CT/CAP than for XR/TLS. CT/CAP found acute fractures XR/TLS missed, and correctly classified old fractures XR/TLS read as "possibly" acute. The total XR/TLS misclassification rate was 12.6% (95% CI, 8.4-19%); for CT/CAP it was 1.4% (95% CI, 0.3-3.3%). No fractures were missed by CT/CAP. No unstable fracture was missed by either technique. CONCLUSION: CT/CAP diagnoses TLS fractures more accurately than XR/TLS. Neither misses unstable fractures, but CT scanning finds small fractures that benefit by treatment and identifies chronic disease better. CT screening is far faster and shortens time to removal of spine precautions. CT scan-based diagnosis does not result in greater radiation exposure and improves resource use. Screening the TLS on truncal helical CT scanning performed for the evaluation of visceral injuries is more accurate than TLS imaging by standard radiography. CT/CAP should replace plain radiographs in high-risk trauma patients who require screening.