Efficacy of transdermal clonidine for headache prophylaxis and reduction of narcotic use in migraine patients. A randomized crossover trial

Thirty patients completed a double-blind, randomized crossover study utilizing transdermal clonidine and an identical-appearing placebo. Crossover occurred at 6 weeks, with a total study time of 12 weeks. Subjects were asked to record daily in a special diary (1) the presence or absence of headache, (2) duration of headache, (3) severity of headache, and (4) use of pain medication for headache relief. The severity of the headaches was rated from 1 (very mild) to 5 (very severe). Although the subjects reported a decrease in frequency, duration, and intensity of headaches while using the medicated patch, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Nineteen patients subjectively preferred the medicated patch, while five preferred the placebo (P less than .01). During use of the medicated patch, a significant reduction (P = .039) occurred in use of class II narcotics. Three doses of these substances were used by the patients when treated with clonidine, while 34 doses were taken during placebo use. These findings suggest that clonidine might have a role in reduction of parenteral narcotic use in acute pain syndromes.     

AMPK在妊娠期糖尿病发病机制中的作用

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶是一种重要的蛋白激酶,主要作用是协调代谢和能量平衡.腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶被激活后,在增加骨骼肌对葡萄糖摄取、增强胰岛素敏感性、增加脂肪酸氧化以及调节基因转录等方面发挥重要作用.已经证实脂联素有调节糖脂代谢的作用,但其作用机制尚不十分清楚,很可能是通过腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶介导,对脂联素信号转导通路的研究将成为进一步理解脂联素作用的关键所在.而脂联素又是妊娠期糖尿病的预测因子,所以腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶逐渐成为对妊娠期糖尿病研究中的焦点.     

Erinnerungen an traumatische Erlebnisse in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus bei (ehemaligen) jüdischen Emigranten und Lagerhäftlingen

Zusammenfassung Halbstrukturierte Inteviews mit 248 (ehemaligen) jüdischen Emigranten und Lagerh?ftlingen in Deutschland und drei Ziell?ndern der jüdischen Emigration zeigen, da? Erinnerungen an traumatische Erlebnisse im Nationalsozialismus in zahlreichen allt?glichen Kontexten auftreten und von zentraler Bedeutung für die Wahrnehmung der pers?nlichen Lebenssituation im Alter sind. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie zur Frage nach der subjektiven Gliederung des Lebenslaufs bei (ehemaligen) jüdischen Emigranten und Lagerh?ftlingen werden unterschiedliche Abschnitte der pers?nlichen Entwicklung nach dem Holocaust unterschieden. Selbsteinsch?tzungen der Untersuchungsteilnehmer zur Intensit?t von Erinnerungen an traumatische Erlebnisse in diesen Entwicklungsabschnitten unterstützen die Annahme, da? belastende Erinnerungen im Alter deutlich zugenommen haben. Die Untersuchungsteilnehmer unterscheiden sich erheblich in den Formen der Auseinandersetzung mit solchen Erinnerungen. Einige Untersuchungsteilnehmer reagierten mit Depressionen, Angstzust?nden, Gefühlen von überlebensschuld und Rückzug aus sozialen Beziehungen. Andere engagierten sich hingegen in hohem Ma?e in sozialen Beziehungen, vor allem zu Angeh?rigen der jüngeren Generation, um dadurch zur Vermeidung von Diskriminierung, Rassismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit beizutragen. Eingegangen: 14. August 1997, Akzeptiert: 26. Januar 1998     

Donor left ventricular hypertrophy increases risk for early graft failure

A review of factors contributing to early mortality after cardiac transplantation revealed that up to 25 % of deaths were due to primary graft dysfunction unrelated to rejection or infection. In light of this finding, evaluation of a donor heart with regard to its suitability for transplantation takes on added importance. In an effort to screen the suitability of donor hearts in the region covered by the Northwest Organ Procurement Agency (USA), all donors are evaluated by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography as part of the initial evaluation. A total of 110 donor echocardiograms were reviewed and an attempt was made to correlate the 30-day outcome with the parameters measured. An unexpected finding was that the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the donor heart was associated with an increase in the incidence of donor heart dysfunction compared with donors with normal echocardiographic profiles (33 % vs 3 %, P = 0.007). Received: 12 February 1996 Received after resision: 27 June 1997 Accepted: 14 July 1997     

92. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin Begrüßung durch den Vorsitzenden

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Differenzialdiagnose und Therapieoptionen bei Tumoren der Konjunktiva

The diagnostic classification of most conjunctival tumors is based on case history, inspection, and examination with the slit lamp microscope. Further imaging procedures are rarely indicated when malignant processes are not circumscribed. Clinical classification then also includes palpation and echographic examination of regional lymph nodes. Pigmented and nonpigmented melanocytic nevi are the most frequent conjunctival tumors. An important practical biomicroscopic cardinal symptom of the most frequent nevi is the presence of epithelial pseudocysts. Essential in practice is the histopathological confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, e.g., distinguishing between nonpigmented melanomas and sebaceous gland carcinomas with a pagetoid growth pattern or squamous cell carcinomas. Depending on the course and findings, the following therapeutic measures can be indicated: cryotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, modified enucleation, orbital exenteration, or a combination of different methods.     

Effects of IFN-gamma and interleukin-1beta on major histocompatibility complex antigen and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by 9L gliosarcoma: relevance to its cytolysis by alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

To enhance the efficacy of cellular immunotherapy for gliomas, we tested the concept of using proinflammatory cytokine treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or both to render glioma cells more susceptible to cytolysis by alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (aCTL). The cytokines, separately or in combination, were able to upregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on Fischer rat 9L gliosarcoma cells. 9L cells were incubated in vitro for 24, 48, or 72 h with varying concentrations of rat IFN-gamma (0-2000 U/ml) or recombinant human IL-1 (rHUIL-1) (0-1000 U/ml) or both. By 48 h, IFN-gamma (500 U/ml) maximally induced the percentage of positive expressing cells and the relative antigen density of MHC class I and ICAM-1 on 9L cells, whereas IL-1 induced only ICAM-1 expression. Simultaneous incubation of IL-1 with IFN-gamma did not further affect the induction of class I on 9L cells more than that achieved with IFN-gamma alone. 9L cells with upregulated MHC class I and ICAM-1 expression were more sensitive to lysis by aCTL in in vitro cytotoxicity assays, regardless of whether the precursor aCTL came from naive or from 9L-immunized rats. Furthermore, inhibition of 9L cytotoxicity in assays that included blocking antibodies to MHC class I or to ICAM-1 revealed that T cell receptor (TCR) interactions with MHC class I and that ICAM-1 interactions with lymphocyte function-associated-1 (LFA-1) antigen account for a portion of the glioma lysis by aCTL.