Questionable data and preconceptions: reconsidering the value of mammography for American Indian Women.

Although the benefits of mammography are well established, many remain skeptical of the value of mammography for American Indian women. This skepticism stems in part from a belief that breast cancer is too rare an event among American Indians to warrant widespread screening. The validity of this assumption for Northern Plains Indians is challenged by a discussion of the limitations of available data on breast cancer in American Indian populations (including lack of generalizability, underestimation, and an overreliance on relative rather than absolute measures of cancer incidence) and by findings from the Minnesota Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program, a federally funded program providing free breast and cervical cancer screening to American Indian and other women in Minnesota. In light of this information, the authors recommend that the low priority of mammography for American Indian women be reconsidered.     

Serotonin receptor sensitivity and aggression

This study investigated the relationship between increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) receptor sensitivity and human aggression. A low oral dose of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), a postsynaptic 5HT receptor agonist, was administered in a placebo-controlled design to depressed (n = 22) and panic disorder (n = 20) patients classified with or without signs of outwardly directed aggression, patients with a history of suicide attempts (inwardly directed aggression) (n = 11), and normal controls (n = 19). Hormones under 5HT control were measured at 30-min intervals. Results were as follows: (1) MCPP did not induce or reduce anger, (2) patients with outwardly directed aggression did not have significantly greater MCPP-induced cortisol or prolactin release than did patients without signs of outwardly directed aggression, (3) patients with a history of suicide attempts did not have significantly greater MCPP-induced cortisol or prolactin release than did normal controls, and (4) MCPP-induced hormone release was unrelated to measures of aggression.     

Transgenesis by means of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines.

This study demonstrates that blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells (ES cells) can be used as a vehicle for transgenesis. The method is nearly as efficient as other methods, and the introduced neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene is stably transmitted through several generations with no apparent loss in G418 resistance. An important factor contributing to the efficiency of this process is the rigorous selection, before blastocyst injection, of genetically transformed cells for in vitro developmental pluripotency. One of the advantages of the ES cell route to transgenesis is that it provides investigators with the opportunity to screen for the desired genetic alterations before reintroducing the ES cells into the animal.     

An open-label efficacy pilot study with pimecrolimus cream 1% in adults with facial seborrhoeic dermatitis infected with HIV

BACKGROUND: Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) is a common dermatosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, many of whom do not respond satisfactorily to conventional topical treatments such as corticosteroids and antifungals. OBJECTIVE: A pilot study to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1% in HIV-positive patients with facial SD. METHODS: In a single-centre study, 21 HIV-infected patients with mild to severe SD were treated twice daily with pimecrolimus cream 1% for 14 days. Thereafter, treatment was discontinued and patients followed up for 5 weeks. Skin involvement at baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 was assessed using a four-point clinical score and digital photography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% treatment and incidence of relapse in the follow-up phase. Results Marked improvement was seen in clinical parameters at day 7, with >or= 90% patients clear of symptoms at day 14. Relapse was observed at day 35 but signs were milder than at baseline. All patients responded to therapy, despite their immunological status. Pimecrolimus did not alter CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts or viral load during the treatment period. CONCLUSION: Pimecrolimus cream represents a new, effective therapeutic option for facial SD in HIV patients.     

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits voltage-activated Ca2+ currents independently of lipoxygenase inhibition

The effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a widely used lipoxygenase inhibitor, were examined on voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents in GH3 and AtT-20 pituitary cells. NDGA (10-100 microM) produced a reversible, dose-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ channel currents, with half-maximal inhibition occurring at 18.6 microM. Inhibition by NDGA developed relatively slowly, did not exhibit use dependence or voltage dependence, and did not require access of NDGA to the extracellular domain of the Ca2+ channel. The maximum inhibition of macroscopic currents by 30 microM NDGA was equivalent in the presence of 5 and 50 mM extracellular Ca2+ and 5 mM Ba2+. NDGA inhibited Ca2+ channel currents in excised, outside-out patches, in the absence of intra- and extracellular Ca2+ (with Ba2+ as the charge carrier), and following preincubation of the cells with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor 4-bromophenacylbromide. Of five other lipoxygenase inhibitors tested, only one inhibited Ca2+ currents. These results suggest that NDGA inhibits Ca2+ channel currents by a mechanism distinct from that of other known Ca2+ channel antagonists and that, when influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated channels is involved, inhibition of Ca2(+)-dependent cell functions by NDGA (greater than 10 microM) may be independent of effects on arachidonic acid metabolism.     

Clinical evaluation of a new epidural pressure monitor

Summary Comparative measuring of epidural pressure using the Spiegelberg probe 1 and ventricular fluid pressure was carried out in 15 neurosurgical intensive-care patients. Deviations in both directions were established, with a trend toward overestimating ventricular pressure in epidural pressure measuring (r=0.77). Individual pulsations, spontaneous wave courses and therapy-induced pressure changes were reflected without delays. There were no complications observed with probe implantation periods for up to 6 days. The system has been shown to be mechanically stable and easy to implant. We believe the device to be fit for trend monitoring of intracranial pressure. As with other epidural pressure monitoring systems, false assessments of ventricular pressure may lead to wrong decisions as to the required therapy.