Correction to: Treatment of adults with intracranial hemorrhage on apixaban or rivaroxaban with prothrombin complex concentrate products

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - In the original publication of the article, unfortunately the given name and family name of the author’s in the author group were inadvertently...     

Combined experimental and computational study of Al2O3 catalyzed transamidation of secondary amides with amines

Amides are the most extensively used substances in both synthetic organic and bioorganic chemistry. Unfortunately, the traditional synthesis of amides suffers from some important drawbacks, including low atom efficiency, high catalyst loading, separation of products from the reaction mixture and production of byproducts. Al₂O₃ is an amphoteric catalyst that activates the carbonyl carbon of the secondary amide group and helps the C–N cleavage of the reactant amide group by attacking the N–H hydrogen. By using the concepts of amphoteric properties of Al₂O₃, amides were synthesized from secondary amides and amines in the presence of triethylamine solvent. Several aliphatic and aromatic amines were used for the transamidation of N-methylbenzamide in the presence of the Al₂O₃ catalyst. Moreover, using the Gaussian09 software at the DFT level, HUMO, LUMO and the intrinsic reaction coordinates (IRCs) have also been calculated to find out the transition state of the reaction and energy. In this study, five successful compounds were synthesized by the transamidation of secondary amides with amines using a reusable Al₂O₃ catalyst. The catalyst was reused several times with no significant loss in its catalytic activity. The products were purified by recrystallization and column chromatography techniques. This catalytic method is effective for the simultaneous activation of the carbonyl group and N–H bond by using the Al₂O₃ catalyst.

Amides are the most extensively used substances in both synthetic organic and bioorganic chemistry.     

Short‐term plasticity following motor sequence learning revealed by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging

Current noninvasive methods to detect structural plasticity in humans are mainly used to study long‐term changes. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recently proposed as a novel approach to reveal gray matter changes following spatial navigation learning and object‐location memory tasks. In the present work, we used diffusion MRI to investigate the short‐term neuroplasticity that accompanies motor sequence learning. Following a 45‐min training session in which participants learned to accurately play a short sequence on a piano keyboard, changes in diffusion properties were revealed mainly in motor system regions such as the premotor cortex and cerebellum. In a second learning session taking place immediately afterward, feedback was given on the timing of key pressing instead of accuracy, while participants continued to learn. This second session induced a different plasticity pattern, demonstrating the dynamic nature of learning‐induced plasticity, formerly thought to require months of training in order to be detectable. These results provide us with an important reminder that the brain is an extremely dynamic structure. Furthermore, diffusion MRI offers a novel measure to follow tissue plasticity particularly over short timescales, allowing new insights into the dynamics of structural brain plasticity.     

Perifornical Urocortin-3 mediates the link between stress-induced anxiety and energy homeostasis

In response to physiological or psychological challenges, the brain activates behavioral and neuroendocrine systems linked to both metabolic and emotional outputs designed to adapt to the demand. However, dysregulation of integration of these physiological responses to challenge can have severe psychological and physiological consequences, and inappropriate regulation, disproportional intensity, or chronic or irreversible activation of the stress response is linked to the etiology and pathophysiology of mood and metabolic disorders. Using a transgenic mouse model and lentiviral approach, we demonstrate the involvement of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Urocortin-3, a specific ligand for the type-2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor, in modulating septal and hypothalamic nuclei responsible for anxiety-like behaviors and metabolic functions, respectively. These results position Urocortin-3 as a neuromodulator linking stress-induced anxiety and energy homeostasis and pave the way toward better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate the reciprocal relationships between stress, mood and metabolic disorders.     

Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the transverse colon presenting as dermatomyositis

Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the transverse colon is a rare presentation of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or colonic neoplasm. Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune condition of the skin, muscle, and blood vessels that when associated with malignancy is a true paraneoplastic syndrome but is rarely associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. We present a case of primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the transverse colon diagnosed after the presentation of dermatomyositis and review the literature on dermatomyositis and hematologic neoplasm.     

Adequacy of mucosal sampling with the "two-bite" forceps technique: a prospective,randomized, blinded study

BACKGROUND: Although the "two-bite" technique (obtaining 2 mucosal biopsy specimens with a single passage of the forceps) is used routinely, the adequacy of the second biopsy for histopathologic examination has not been evaluated. Our hypothesis was that the second sample will be inadequate for this purpose. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the adequacy of mucosal biopsy specimens obtained with 3 different types of forceps with the two-bite technique. METHODS: Patients undergoing diagnostic EGD were prospectively enrolled in the study. In each patient, mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained as follows: 4 specimens with the two-bite technique in 2 separate passages of the forceps (one from the esophagus followed by one from the stomach, and one from the stomach followed by one from the esophagus, the order being chosen randomly) and 2 single-bite specimens from the same anatomic locations (esophagus and stomach). Each patient underwent the same biopsy sampling sequence with 3 different forceps. An experienced pathologist blinded to the sequence and technique of obtaining the samples and the forceps used evaluated the specimens for number submitted, integrity, and adequacy for histopathologic diagnosis and depth of the sample as assessed by the presence or absence of muscularis mucosae. RESULTS: A total of 288 mucosal samples were obtained from 16 patients. Of these, 192 were taken by using the two-bite technique. Thirty-five (18.2%) samples were missing when the two-bite technique was used compared with only 2 (2.1%) when the single bite technique was used (p < 0.05). Irrespective of the location from which the first mucosal sample was taken, a significantly greater number of first samples were lost (25%) compared with second samples (11.5%) (p < 0.05). The forceps without a spike was associated with significantly more missing samples than the spiked forceps (28.1% vs. 13.3%; p = 0.01). At histopathologic evaluation, there were no significant differences between first and second samples nor differences between samples taken with the two-bite and the single-bite techniques with regard to adequacy, integrity, and depth. With respect to histopathologic evaluation, there were no differences among the 3 types of forceps used in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Although the second mucosal sample obtained with the two-bite technique is adequate for histopathologic purposes, there is a significant risk of losing samples (the first one in particular) with this technique, and thus an increase in the probability of sampling error. This may be particularly true for forceps without a spike.