妊娠晚期人类小DNA病毒B19感染情况,母婴传播及与早产或小于胎龄儿关系的研究

为了解妊娠晚期人类小ＤＮＡ病毒Ｂ１９（ＨＰＶＢ１９）感染情况、母婴传播及与早产或小于胎龄儿的关系，将１０４例母亲及其新生儿分成两组，试验组包括１９例早产儿、３２例小于胎龄儿及其母亲；对照组包括５３例正常新生儿及其母亲。采用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）检测母血、脐血和胎盘组织ＨＰＶＢ１９ＤＮＡ；用鼠抗Ｂ１９单克隆抗体和Ｂ１９联合抗原（ＶＰ１＋ＶＰ２）建立了捕获式ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测母血和脐血ＨＰＶＢ１９特异性ＩｇＭ抗体。结果：１０４例母血中，ＨＰＶＢ１９ＩｇＭ阳性２例（１．９％），１０４例脐血中阳性３例（２．９％）。在母血、脐血及胎盘组织各１０４例中检出ＨＰＶＢ１９ＤＮＡ阳性分别为６例、４例、６例。因此试验组５１对母婴共１０２例中６例有ＨＰＶＢ１９感染（５．９％）；对照组５３对母婴共１０６例中２例有ＨＰＶＢ１９感染（１．９％）。两组Ｂ１９感染率差异无显著意义。提示：在北京地区，妊娠晚期存在Ｂ１９急性感染，应引起重视；Ｂ１９感染与早产或小于胎龄儿的发生可能不相关；新生儿Ｂ１９感染是通过胎盘传播的。对有Ｂ１９感染证据的新生儿进行随访及研究如何阻止胎盘传播很重要。     

In vivo assessment of antiemetic drugs and mechanism of lycorine-induced nausea and emesis

Lycorine is the main alkaloid of many Amaryllidaceae and known to cause poisoning with still unknown mechanisms. Longer lasting toxicological core symptoms of nausea and emesis may become a burden for human and animal patients and may result in substantial loss of water and electrolytes. To optimise the only empirical symptomatic antiemetic drug treatment at present, it is important to elucidate the causative involved targets of lycorine-induced emesis. Therefore, in the current study, we have tested the actions of a various antiemetic drugs with selective receptor affinities on lycorine-induced nausea and emesis in vivo in dogs. Beagle dogs were pre-treated in a saline vehicle-controlled crossover and random design with diphenhydramine, maropitant, metoclopramide, ondansetron or scopolamine prior lycorine administration (2 mg/kg subcutaneously). In vivo effects were assessed by a scoring system for nausea and emesis as well as by the number and lag time of emetic events for at least 3 h. Moreover, plasma pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out for ondansetron before and after lycorine injection. The data show that histaminergic (H₁), muscarinic and dopaminergic (D₂) receptors are presumably not involved in lycorine-induced emetic effects. While ondansetron significantly reduced the number of emetic events, lycorine-induced emesis was completely blocked by maropitant. Only ondansetron also significantly decreased the level of nausea and was able to prolong the lag time until onset of emesis suggesting a preferential participation of 5-HT₃ receptors in lycorine-induced nausea. Thus, it is the first in vivo report evidencing that predominantly neurokinin-1 (NK₁) and to a lesser extent 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT₃) receptors are involved in lycorine-induced emesis facilitating a target-oriented therapy.     

苍耳子不良反应研究进展

苍耳子是传统的鼻科要药,具有散风除湿、通鼻窍的功效,被认为无毒或有小毒。然而近年来不断有正常剂量或是过量服用苍耳子出现肾脏、肝脏、心脏损伤或是腹痛、恶心、呕吐等不良反应报道,其中肾脏和肝脏损伤引起了大量的关注和研究。从临床报道和动物实验两方面对服用苍耳子出现的以肾脏损伤为主的不良反应进行综述,总结了引起多器官损伤的毒性物质、毒性机制、量毒关系、炮制方法对毒性的影响等,为进一步研究苍耳子安全用药提供依据。     

Examining Perceptions of Rapid Population Growth in North and South Gondar Zones, Northwest Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the most populous countries in Africa and ranks second only to Nigeria. Rapid population growth has hampered the country''s development, making the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger difficult. This study which had two components—quantitative and qualitative—was aimed at exploring the perceptions of women and other social groups on the prevailing population pressures. The quantitative study involved 3,512 women aged 15–49 years. The qualitative study consisted of five focus-group discussions and six key-informant interviews. Over 90% of women (n=3,512) who participated in the quantitative study and nearly all the focus-group discussants and interviewees (n=39) felt that something should be done to keep the population from growing too fast. Most (over 90%) participants approved of the Government passing a law regarding the maximum number of children that a couple should have. It is, therefore, timely for the responsible bodies to exert maximum effort and commitment in responding to the emerging attitudes of the people by making the population problem a priority.Key words: Cross-sectional studies, Perceptions, Population growth, Ethiopia     

Agonist-independent alteration in beta-adrenoceptor-G-protein-adenylate cyclase system in an equine model of recurrent airway obstruction

We examined the inhibitory sympathetic beta-adrenergic mechanisms in peripheral lung, bronchi and trachea of an equine model of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), to support the hypothesis that the beta-adrenergic receptor dysfunction is not only restricted to cell surface receptor density but rather encompasses a mechanistic defect apart from the receptor, to the intracellular signaling components. The non-asthmatic lung possessed 3.2-fold more beta-adrenergic receptors than bronchi (496 +/- 19.4 vs. 155.1+/- 19.6 fmol/mg protein; P < 0.01) and 6.2-fold higher than in the trachea (79.8 +/- 12.6 fmol/mg protein; P < 0.001) (assessed by radioligand binding assays using (-)-[(125)I]-iodocyanopindolol, ICYP) and in all tissues a greater proportion of the beta(2)- than the beta(1)-subtype (75-80%). The receptor density (B(max)) in lung parenchyma and bronchial membranes was 33 and 42%, respectively, lower (P < 0.001) in RAO than in control animals, attributable to a decrease in the beta(2)-subtype. This receptor down-regulation was accompanied with an attenuated coupling efficiency of the receptor to the stimulatory G(S)-protein (P < 0.05 vs. control). Concomitantly, activation of adenylate cyclase evoked by isoproterenol was significantly reduced in lung and bronchial membranes of animals with RAO, whereas effects of 10 microM GTP, 10mM NaF, 10 microM forskolin and 10 mM Mn(2+) were not altered. There was no difference in beta-adrenergic receptor density, G(S)-protein or adenylate cyclase coupling in the trachea between asthmatic and control animals. In conclusion, in stable asthma the pulmonary beta-adrenergic receptor-G(S)-protein-adenylate cyclase system is impaired, thus the pathologic process involves all signaling components, and due to its close similarity, this animal model seems to serve as a suitable model, at least partly, of chronic asthmatic patients.     

Comparison of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis susceptibility upon single-dose i.m. depot versus long-acting i.v. triamcinolone acetonide therapy: a direct pharmacokinetic correlation

The effects of single injections of glucocorticoid (GC) depot suspension and of long-acting GC were studied in conscious dogs. Both the depot suspension GC triamcinolone-16,17-alpha-acetonide (TAA) and the long-acting triamcinolone acetonide-21-dihydrogen phosphate (TAA-DHP) decreased basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol levels and in a specific time-dependent way. Before treatment, all dogs had normal basal and peak cortisol responses to ACTH challenge (13-15 and > 120 nmol/l at 1 h respectively). Intravenous TAA-DHP reduced cortisol levels for 12 h, i.m. TAA reduced cortisol levels as of 1.5 h and the effect lasted for at least 4 weeks. Both treatments blunted the peak response to ACTH. ACTH elevated cortisol levels to or above baseline values within 10 days following TAA-DHP treatment, but the TAA treatment suppressed an ACTH response for at least 4 weeks. Kinetic analysis of both the preparations demonstrated rapid absorption (tmax, 0.6-1.5 h) and low maximum plasma concentrations (peak Cmax, 2.99-5.51 nmol/l) of the steroids; indeed, the terminal half-life of TAA-DHP (13.9 +/- 1.3 h) was very much shorter than that of TAA (125.9 +/- 15.8 h). In addition, the mean residence time differed very much (11 vs 160 h for TAA-DHP and TAA respectively), in line with a delayed elimination of the depot compared with the long-acting formulation. Application of these TAA formulations needs careful evaluation for their surprisingly different effects on endocrine stress axis activity.