全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2984篇 |
免费 | 152篇 |
国内免费 | 18篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 20篇 |
儿科学 | 55篇 |
妇产科学 | 40篇 |
基础医学 | 408篇 |
口腔科学 | 85篇 |
临床医学 | 168篇 |
内科学 | 790篇 |
皮肤病学 | 46篇 |
神经病学 | 255篇 |
特种医学 | 88篇 |
外科学 | 550篇 |
综合类 | 17篇 |
预防医学 | 58篇 |
眼科学 | 37篇 |
药学 | 174篇 |
中国医学 | 3篇 |
肿瘤学 | 360篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 24篇 |
2022年 | 37篇 |
2021年 | 64篇 |
2020年 | 38篇 |
2019年 | 52篇 |
2018年 | 84篇 |
2017年 | 41篇 |
2016年 | 60篇 |
2015年 | 59篇 |
2014年 | 70篇 |
2013年 | 77篇 |
2012年 | 143篇 |
2011年 | 205篇 |
2010年 | 112篇 |
2009年 | 93篇 |
2008年 | 156篇 |
2007年 | 166篇 |
2006年 | 162篇 |
2005年 | 146篇 |
2004年 | 137篇 |
2003年 | 144篇 |
2002年 | 139篇 |
2001年 | 110篇 |
2000年 | 107篇 |
1999年 | 108篇 |
1998年 | 35篇 |
1997年 | 23篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 22篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 52篇 |
1991年 | 36篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 48篇 |
1988年 | 35篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 37篇 |
1985年 | 26篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1971年 | 10篇 |
1969年 | 8篇 |
1968年 | 9篇 |
1967年 | 8篇 |
1966年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有3154条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Hiroki Toyoda 《Synapse (New York, N.Y.)》2019,73(7)
The insular cortex plays essential roles in nicotine addiction. However, much is still unknown about its cellular and synaptic mechanisms responsible for nicotine addiction. We have previously shown that in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the mouse insular cortex, activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) suppresses synaptic potentiation through enhancing GABAergic synaptic transmission, although it enhances both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. In the present study, we examined whether dopamine receptors might contribute to the nicotine‐induced inhibition of synaptic potentiation. The nicotine‐induced inhibition of synaptic potentiation was decreased in the presence of a D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 irrespective of the presence of a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride, suggesting that D1 dopamine receptors are involved in nicotine‐induced inhibition. We also investigated how dopamine receptors might contribute to the nAChR‐induced enhancement of glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. The nAChR‐induced enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission was decreased in the presence of SCH23390 irrespective of the presence of sulpiride, whereas that of glutamatergic synaptic transmission was not altered in the presence of SCH23390 and sulpiride. These results suggest that D1 dopamine receptors are involved in the nAChR‐induced enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission while dopamine receptors are not involved in that of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. These observations indicate that the interaction between nAChRs and D1 dopamine receptors plays critical roles in synaptic activities in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the mouse insular cortex. These insular synaptic changes might be associated with nicotine addiction. 相似文献
2.
A. A. Vo M. Toyoda A. Peng S. Bunnapradist M. Lukovsky S. C. Jordan 《American journal of transplantation》2006,6(10):2384-2390
Here we retrospectively examine the efficacy of two antibody induction regimens using Zenapax or Thymoglobulin in patients with positive complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches (CDC-CMXs) desensitized with IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin). Between January 1999 and March 2005, 97 patients with (+) CDC-CMXs received kidney transplants (43 deceased donors/54 living donors). All patients received at least 2 g/kg IVIG (maximum four doses) until an acceptable CMX was obtained. Patients were divided into two groups: 1. IVIG + Zenapax (n = 58), 2. IVIG + Thymoglobulin (n = 39). A total of 94% of patients in Group 1 and 84% in G2 have at least 2 years of follow up. Patient and graft survival was 96%/84% in Group 1 and 100%/90% in Group 2, p = NS. The number and severity of AR episodes were similar (36% Group 1 vs. 31% Group 2, p = NS) as was the incidence of C4d (+) antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) (Banff Grade II/III) (22% Group 1 vs. 21% Group 2). Mean serum creatinines (SCrs) at 24 months were similar (Group 1: 1.4 +/- 0.7 vs. G2: 1.5 +/- 0.7 mg/dL). Induction therapy with Zenapax or Thymoglobulin results in excellent patient, graft survival and graft function at 2 years. There was no increased risk of viral infections or malignancies with either agent. Neither agent was effective in reducing the incidence of AMR. 相似文献
3.
Acute Immobilization Stress and Intraventricular Injection of CRF Suppress Naloxone-Induced LH Release in Ovariectomized Estrogen-Primed Rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tatsuo Akema Atsuhiko Chiba Reiji Shinozaki Morihiro Oshida Fukuko Kimura & Jun-ichi Toyoda 《Journal of neuroendocrinology》1996,8(8):647-652
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role and possible interaction of the endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the acute stress-induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. An intravenous (i.v.) injection of naloxone (10 or 20 mg/kg), an EOP antagonist, significantly elevated serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels within 10 min in non-stressed animals. The naloxone-induced LH release was completely eliminated when tested 30 min after the onset of acute immobilization. In a subsequent study, it was found that suppression of the naloxone-induced LH release occurred as early as 5 min after the stress onset, and was still evident 60 min after the end of a 30-min period of immobilization. The effect of naloxone was restored 3 h after liberation of the animal from the 30-min immobilization. An intraventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CRF (1 or 5 μg) also significantly suppressed, in a dose-related manner, the effect of a subsequent i.v. injection of naloxone. However, an i.c.v. injection of α -helical CRF(9-41) (25 or 50 μg), a CRF antagonist, prior to immobilization, could not interfere with the suppressive effect of stress on naloxone-induced LH release. These results suggest that both acute immobilization stress and CRF can inhibit the LH secretory activity without mediation by EOP neurons. However, the stress-related suppression may involve non-CRF mechanism(s). 相似文献
4.
Kenji Shimada Fumi Matsumoto Mari Kawagoe Futoshi Matsui 《International journal of urology》2007,14(5):388-392
OBJECTIVE: It is well described that unilateral pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is a benign condition, because the dilatation resolves spontaneously and the function does not decrease in most of the kidneys. However, there is exceptional PUJO that requires emergent treatment in neonatal periods. The aim of this article is to report the urological emergency and management in neonates with PUJO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine children (seven boys and two girls) with PUJO who underwent neonatal emergent treatment during the last 13 years were reviewed. Renal function was evaluated according to decay curve of serum creatinine (SCr) levels corresponding to gestational age (GA) at delivery. Physical examination, ultrasonographic monitoring, and chest and abdominal plain radiographs were repeated in each neonate. RESULTS: Eight patients were detected prenatally. In five patients, multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) was demonstrated on the contralateral side. Three patients underwent percutaneous puncture of fetal hydronephrosis. Decrease of amniotic fluid was evident in three fetuses. Indications for emergent treatment included mass effect from hydronephrosis in three patients, renal dysfunction in five, and severe urinary tract infection in one. During neonatal periods, a percutaneous nephrostomy tube was placed in seven, and open nephrostomy in one with anorectal malformation. Repeated punctures of the dilated renal pelvis were done in one patient. Renal function after pyeloplasty was stable in eight patients, while it was moderately decreased in one who was associated with oligohydramnios in utero. CONCLUSION: Indications for emergent treatment in neonates with PUJO included mass effect from giant hydronephrosis, renal dysfunction and severe urinary tract infection. At birth, respiratory and circulatory conditions must first be stabilized. In neonates with hydronephrosis of the solitary kidney or severe bilateral PUJO, serial SCr should be monitored to evaluate renal function. Decrease of amniotic fluid suggested renal functional compromise that would not recover after urological management. 相似文献
5.
OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the results of surgical treatment for children with ureterocele, especially addressing the importance of the lower urinary tract reconstruction. METHODS: We present medical records of 91 children with ureterocele (31 with the intravesical type, and 60 with the ectopic type) treated during the last 14 years. As the initial treatment, we carried out transurethral incision of the ureterocele (TUI). In patients with persistent reflux, breakthrough urinary tract infection (UTI), or signs of bladder outlet obstruction due to a collapsed cele wall, we recommended that patients undergo lower urinary tract reconstruction irrespective of the renal function involved in ureterocele. The average follow-up period was 5 years (ranging 1 year and 6 months to 14 years). RESULTS: Transurethral incision of the ureterocele was carried out as the initial treatment on 68 patients (75%). A total of 34 patients (21 intravesical [68%] and 13 ectopic [22%]) were followed medically after TUI alone. Reconstruction of the lower urinary tract was carried out in 59 patients (65%). Nephroureterectomy combined with bladder level reconstruction was carried out in four children with single system and non-functioning kidney. Follow-up voiding cystourethrography showed that only one girl had reflux, which disappeared after the first follow-up examination. Postoperative UTI occurred in 12 patients (20%) with ectopic ureterocele. Voiding dysfunction was suspected in eight patients. CONCLUSION: We believe that the primary objective for patients with ureterocele, especially of the ectopic type, is to reconstruct the original pathology of the lower urinary tract that may give rise to reflux, obstruction, or abnormalities of urination. Although surgery at the bladder level can be challenging, the lower urinary tract reconstruction successfully corrects the vesicoureteral reflux and bladder outlet pathology under a cosmetically acceptable incision. 相似文献
6.
7.
Masujiro Makita MD Futoshi Akiyama MD Naoya Gomi MD Takuji Iwase MD Fujio Kasumi MD Goi Sakamoto MD 《The breast journal》2006,12(S2):S210-S217
Abstract: To improve the utility of mammary ductoscopy, we investigated the correlation between endoscopic findings and histologic findings using intraductal biopsy specimens. Seventy-one intraductal biopsy specimens obtained from 63 patients between October 2001 and March 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. All specimens were obtained from monotonous intraductal lesions immediately after observation by mammary ductoscopy and were composed of a pure histologic subtype. With regard to endoscopic findings, color was classified as yellow, red, white, or colorless, and morphology was classified as spherical, lobular, mulberry, or amorphous. The histologic subtype was classified as papillotubular, papillary, degenerated, papillary cancer, solid-type ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or cribriform cancer. The relationship between histologic diagnosis, color, and morphology was investigated. Intraductal biopsy specimens included 25 specimens of carcinoma and 46 specimens of papilloma. There was no significant correlation between color and diagnosis. Fourteen of 25 carcinoma specimens were amorphous, and amorphous morphology was significantly suggestive of malignancy (p < 0.001). Further, cribriform cancer was associated with amorphous morphology and yellow color. Morphology may be a useful endoscopically delineated parameter for differentiating intraductal lesions. 相似文献
8.
Intravenous Gammaglobulin (IVIG): A Novel Approach to Improve Transplant Rates and Outcomes in Highly HLA-Sensitized Patients 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
S. C. Jordan A. A. Vo A. Peng M. Toyoda D. Tyan 《American journal of transplantation》2006,6(3):459-466
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products are derived from pooled human plasma and have been used for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency disorders for more than 24 years. Shortly after their introduction, IVIG products were also found to be effective in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Over the past 2 decades, the list of diseases where IVIG has a demonstrable beneficial effect has grown rapidly. These include Kawasaki disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, dermatomyositis and demyelinating polyneuropathy. Recently, we have described a beneficial effect on the reduction of anti-HLA antibodies with subsequent improvement in transplantation of highly HLA-sensitized patients as well as a potent anti-inflammatory effect that is beneficial in the treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). These advancements have enabled transplantation of patients previously considered untransplantable. These studies and relevant mechanism(s) of action will be discussed here. 相似文献
9.
T Kokubo Y Ohtomo J Iseki T Toyoda S Kondo F Hattori K Itoh K Kojima 《Radiation Medicine》1986,4(4):124-126
The case of a 38-year-old man with an exogastric leiomyoblastoma is reported. CT and ultrasound examinations revealed a large mass in the left hypochondrium that had both solid and cystic components. These findings mimicked those of cystadenoma of the pancreas. Because of intraperitoneal hemorrhage in the preoperative course, emergency laparotomy was performed. A large tumor was found to arise from the greater curvature of the stomach. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. 相似文献
10.
M Urashima S Toyoda T Nakano S Matsuda N Kobayashi H Kitajima A Tokushige H Horita J Akatsuka K Maekawa 《Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition》1992,15(1):89-92
Determining the site and severity of blood loss is important in the management of children with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) were measured on the day of hospitalization and the ratio of BUN/Cr was calculated in 11 children with 16 episodes of upper GI bleeding and 49 with lower GI bleeding. There was a significant difference between the two GI bleeding groups with regard to BUN/Cr ratio (p less than 0.001). When the ratio was 30 or above, the specificity of upper GI bleeding was 98% with a sensitivity of 68.8%. A linear relationship was found between the BUN/Cr ratio and delta Hb (delta Hb = 0.08 x BUN/Cr +/- 0.8 g/dl) for bleeding originating from the upper GI tract. This study confirms that measurement of the BUN/Cr ratio is useful for localizing the source of bleeding to the upper GI tract and also demonstrates its usefulness as an estimation of the severity of blood loss from the upper GI tract. 相似文献