The demise of the randomised controlled trial: bibliometric study of the German-language health care literature, 1948 to 2004

Background  

In order to reduce systematic errors (such as language bias) and increase the precision of the summary treatment effect estimate, a comprehensive identification of randomised controlled trials (RCT), irrespective of publication language, is crucial in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We identified trials in the German general health care literature.     

Convergent synthesis and antibacterial activity of pyrazole and pyrazoline derivatives of diazepam.

Polysubstituted pyrazoles (5)(a-l), pyrazolines (7)(a-c), (8)(a-c) and pyrazolotriazine (10) derivatives of diazepam were synthesized. The structures of hitherto unknown compounds were established by analytical and spectral methods. Some of these compounds were screened to test their antibacterial activity against gram-positive (B. subtilis) and gram-negative (P. aeruginosa). All compounds showed potent activity against these bacteria.     

Self-regulatory Processes in the Adoption and Maintenance of Health Behaviors

Specific psychological constructs and comprehensive models or theories have been designed to account for individual differences in the way people abstain from risk behaviors, adopt health behaviors, and succeed or fail in self-regulatory attempts. The present article traces the development of recent health behavior theories and relates them to research in the fields of motivation and self-regulation. Special emphasis is placed on optimism, both as a state and as a trait construct within self-regulatory processes. It is argued that optimistic self-beliefs may be phase-specific. For example, some individuals may have high confidence in their ability to set ambitious goals, whereas others may have high confidence in their ability to recover from setbacks. Moreover, a distinction is made between goal attainment processes and threat appraisal processes. Thus, emotions and behavior may differ when striving for superior health goals as opposed to coping with health threats. The present considerations are put forward to further elaborate the author's Health Action Process Approach (HAPA).