Background
Osteoporosis is an important public health problem in older adults. It is more common in postmenopausal women and not only gives rise to morbidity but also markedly diminishes the quality of life in this population. There is lack of information about the risk factor of osteoporosis in developing countries. In this study we aimed to assess the risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women from selected BMD centers of two developing Asian countries (Iran and India). 相似文献Objective
To document the immunization rates, factors associated with incomplete immunization, and missed opportunities for immunizations in children affected by HIV presenting for routine outpatient follow-up.Methods
A cross-sectional study of immunization status of children affected by HIV presenting for routine outpatient care was conducted.Results
Two hundred and six HIV affected children were enrolled. The median age of children in this cohort was 6 y. One hundred ninety seven of 206 children were HIV infected, nine were HIV exposed, but indeterminate. Fifty (25 %) children had incomplete immunizations per the Universal Immunization Program (UIP) of India. Hundred percent of children had received OPV. Ninety three percent of children got their UIP vaccines from a government clinic. Children with incomplete immunization were older, median age of 8 compared to 5 (p?=?0.003). Each year of maternal education increased the odds of having a child with complete UIP immunizations by 1.18 (p?=?0.008)-children of mothers with 6 y of education compared to those with no education were seven times more likely to have complete UIP vaccine status. The average number of visits to the clinic by an individual child in a year was 4. This represents 200 missed opportunities for immunizations.Conclusions
HIV infected children are at risk for incomplete immunization coverage though they regularly access medical care. Including routine immunizations, particularly catch-up immunizations in programs for HIV infected children maybe an effective way of protecting these children from vaccine preventable disease. 相似文献Cognitive dysfunction, sickness-like behavior, for instance, anxiety, and depression are common aspects of neuropsychiatry often associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Growing evidence suggests that high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) may act as a proinflammatory cytokine that aggravates neurobehavioral dysfunction. However, the detailed underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here we focus on determining the relationship between lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation (in both in vitro and in vivo models), cognitive dysfunction, sickness-like behavior and thus decode the impact of HMGB1 inhibition (using Glycyrrhizin; Gcy as an antagonist). Using a mice model of repeated LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p. for 4 days) injections, we found that LPS induced neurobehavioral deficit and a strong proinflammatory response with increased proinflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) at 7 days after the final dose of LPS compared to control animals. Our findings suggest that neurobehavioral dysfunction strongly correlates with the proinflammatory immune response following LPS stimulation. In vitro Gcy pretreatment to LPS-activated BV2 microglia cells significantly reduced nitrite and reactive oxygen species production, along with diminished expression of classical proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS). These key proinflammatory changes with LPS and Gcy treatment are also found in vivo mice model and correlate with improved cognitive function and reduced anxiety/depression. Together, these results show that blocking HMGB1 using Gcy abrogated the cognitive dysfunction, sickness-like behavior of anxiety and depression induced by LPS which can be a promising avenue for crucial neurobehavioral dysfunction.
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