Berechnung des Pflichtbeitrags eines niedergelassenen Arztes zum ?rztlichen Versorgungswerk bei Insolvenz

1. Wird dem Insolvenzsschuldner von den Gl?ubigern die Fortführung seiner Arztpraxis gestattet (sog. Betriebsfortführung), stellen die Pflichtbeitr?ge zur Altersversorgung sonstige Massenverbindlichkeiten dar, die gem. § 53 InsO vorweg durch den Insolvenzverwalter zu berichtigen sind. 2. Der Umstand, dass die Gl?ubigerversammlung im Rahmen der Betriebsfortführung für den fortführenden Arzt einen bestimmten monatlichen Unterhalt festgesetzt hat, bedingt keine Umqualifizierung der T?tigkeit als niedergelassener Arzt in eine Angestelltent?tigkeit. Die Pflichtbeitr?ge zur Altersversorgung sind daher nach den für Niedergelassene geltenden Satzungsbestimmungen zu berechnen, so dass nach wie vor allein der in der Praxis erzielte Gesamtumsatz und nicht der dem Arzt gew?hrte Unterhaltsbetrag als Berechnungsgrundlage für den Beitragssatz heranzuziehen ist.     

Vorrang des EU-Rechts im Approbationsrecht

1. Nach § 2 Abs. 1 S. 7 ZHG wird die Approbation nicht erteilt, wenn die naturwissenschaftliche Vorprüfung, die zahn?rztliche Vorprüfung oder die zahn?rztliche Prüfung nach der ZAppO endgültig nicht bestanden wurde. 2. Diese Regelung ist in Hinblick auf Art. 12 GG nicht zu beanstanden; allerdings bestehen gegen die Gültigkeit des § 2 Abs. 1 S. 7 ZHG verfassungsrechtliche Bedenken in Hinblick auf eine fehlende übergangs- bzw. Vertrauensschutzregelung.     

Keine Rundfunkgebühr für den Praxisweg

Abstrakt Fahrten eines Selbst?ndigen von seiner Wohnung zur Arbeitsstelle und zurück stellen eine „private“ Nutzung des Kraftfahrzeuges dar. In diesem Fahrzeug befindliche Zweitger?te unterfallen deshalb nicht gesondert der Rundfunkgebührenpflicht. (Leitsatz der Bearbeiterin)     

Identification and characterization of clonal NK-like cells from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

TcR alpha, beta, and gamma chain negative cytotoxic NK-like cells were cloned from alloantigen-stimulated PBL obtained from nai;ve channel catfish. Stimulation with allogeneic cells and growth promoting factors are required for their continued in vitro proliferation and cytotoxic activity. These granular cells kill not only the stimulating allogeneic cells, but also unrelated allogeneic targets by a perforin/granzyme-mediated apoptosis pathway. In addition, they are negative for markers that define neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and non-specific cytotoxic cells. Although these NK-like clones kill a number of different allogeneic targets, they display interclonal variation in cytotoxicity toward a panel of allogeneic targets, i.e. some clones have no apparent target specificity, while others display a target preference. In addition, flow cytometric analyses revealed that expression of a putative FcmuR, an LFA-1-like molecule, and a putative thymocyte/T cell antigen varies among the different clones, with no clear correlation between surface antigen expression and cytotoxic activity. Although not all clones express a putative FcmuR, it was noted that they all expressed an ITAM containing FcepsilonR gamma chain homolog. This finding suggests that the catfish FcepsilonR gamma chain may potentially be used as an accessory molecule for not only FcmuRs, but also for other unknown activation receptors. These results support the hypothesis that catfish NK-like cells are heterogeneous in terms of target specificities and cell surface phenotype.     

Heat-inactivated frog virus 3 selectively inhibits equine herpesvirus type 1 translation in a temporal class-dependent manner

Superinfection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)-infected rabbit kidney cells with heat-inactivated frog virus 3 (delta FV3) differentially blocked EHV-1 protein synthesis. The extent of inhibition varied with the specific EHV-1 message, but in general late protein synthesis was inhibited more than early and immediate early translation. Since FV3 has been shown to block heterologous RNA and protein synthesis, it was necessary to determine whether the observed reduction in herpesvirus protein synthesis was primarily due to a block in translation or to an earlier inhibition of EHV-1 mRNA synthesis. To distinguish between these alternatives, replicate cultures of EHV-1 infected cells were either superinfected with delta FV3 or treated with 10 micrograms/ml actinomycin D at 6 hr after infection, and EHV-1 protein synthesis monitored 3 hr later. We found that addition of actinomycin D to EHV-1 infected cultures had only a slight effect on EHV-1 translation, whereas superinfection with delta FV3 markedly reduced EHV-1 protein synthesis. This result suggested that the observed decline in EHV-1 protein synthesis was not due to the inhibition of herpesvirus mRNA synthesis. In addition, we showed that RNA extracted from delta FV3-superinfected cells directed the synthesis of full-size EHV-1 proteins in vitro indicating that shut-off was not caused by the degradation of EHV-1 mRNAs. Taken together these results show that delta FV3 selectively inhibited EHV-1 protein synthesis and are consistent with earlier observations which suggest that translational shut-off occurs at initiation.     

Inactivation of viruses infecting ectothermic animals by amphibian and piscine antimicrobial peptides

The ability of five purified amphibian antimicrobial peptides (dermaseptin-1, temporin A, magainin I, and II, PGLa), crude peptide fractions isolated from the skin of Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana, and four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from hybrid striped bass (piscidin-1N, -1H, -2, and -3) were examined for their ability to reduce the infectivity of channel catfish virus (CCV) and frog virus 3 (FV3). All compounds, with the exception of magainin I, markedly reduced the infectivity of CCV. In contrast to CCV, FV3 was 2- to 4-fold less sensitive to these agents. Similar to an earlier study employing two other amphibian peptides, the agents used here acted rapidly and over a wide, physiologically relevant, temperature range to reduce virus infectivity. These results extend our previous findings and strongly suggest that various amphibian and piscine AMPs may play important roles in protecting fish and amphibians from pathogenic viruses.