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Hand surgery involves the surgical treatment of hand conditions and encompasses small bone fixation, arthroscopy, joint replacement and reconstruction of tendon and nerves. Complications following surgery to the hand may be due to patient factors, surgical decisions and the complex anatomy of the hand. Here we describe the complications associated with common surgical interventions for both elective and traumatic injuries to the hand. Following hand surgery, a balance between immobilisation and early range of motion is offset by the risk of wound complications, non-union of fractures and tendon re-rupture with stiffness and reduced range of motion of the digits. Superficial infection is relatively common following procedures to the hand, however long-term sequelae are rare. Implant failure, subsidence, instability and reduced range of motion are seen following arthroplasty procedures. Complex regional pain syndrome offers a significant challenge following injury to the hand and specifically after surgical procedures. Surgeons should consider the risk of particular surgical techniques, other perioperative factors and patient factors that may contribute to the development of complications following hand surgery. Patients should be adequately counselled in order to make an informed decision regarding the management of their condition. 相似文献
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P Rubinstein M Walker N Mollen C Carpenter S Beckerman N Suciu-Foca R McEvoy F Ginsberg-Fellner 《Diabetes》1990,39(9):1138-1143
The gene frequencies, haplotype relative risks, and zygotic assortments of HLA-DR in three ethnically defined samples of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients were determined in a prospective family study. Although DR3 and DR4 were positively associated with IDDM in the probands of 123 northern European, 94 Ashkenazi Jewish, and 49 New York Hispanic families, significant excess of DR*3/4 heterozygotes was observed only among the probands from families of northern European ancestry. There was also a significant decrease in the frequency of Bw62,DR4 haplotypes derived by northern European patients from their mothers compared with their fathers. This difference, together with data reported in the literature, suggests that the expressivity of the susceptible genotype(s) in IDDM patients may be modified by protective maternal effects associated with Bw62,DR4 and probably other DR4 haplotypes. Samples of IDDM patients from populations with high frequencies of these modifiers should have different DR-gene frequencies contributed by fathers and mothers, capable of accounting for the observed Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. We postulate that, because the mechanism of action of these modifiers is distinct from that of the susceptibility gene, the difference must be considered in devising strategies for elucidation of the mode of inheritance of the disease and for understanding the molecular nature of the susceptibility. 相似文献
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Immersion of rat hemidiaphragms in Ca2+-free Krebs solution (KS) containing Ca2+ chelator in vitro leads to separation of basal lamina from the plasma membrane, as well as transient contracture and rapid loss of twitch response [calcium paradox (CP) phase 1]. Subsequent immersion in regular KS results in necrosis of muscle fibers accompanied by slowly increasing contracture (CP phase 2). This contracture could be prevented or reduced by using either Ca2+-free KS or calcium channel blockers, but not by dantrolene sodium, implying that after drastic reduction of extracellular and sarcolemmal Ca2+ during CP phase 1, the sarcolemma has lost its ability to control normal Ca2+ fluxes. Contracture did not develop at 21 degrees C. CP is a convenient model to study calcium-induced muscle cell death and the role of Ca2+ in maintaining sarcolemmal integrity. 相似文献
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Carel Bron Michel Wensing Jo LM Franssen Rob AB Oostendorp 《BMC musculoskeletal disorders》2007,8(1):107
Background
Shoulder disorders are a common health problem in western societies. Several treatment protocols have been developed for the clinical management of persons with shoulder pain. However available evidence does not support any protocol as being superior over others. Systematic reviews provide some evidence that certain physical therapy interventions (i.e. supervised exercises and mobilisation) are effective in particular shoulder disorders (i.e. rotator cuff disorders, mixed shoulder disorders and adhesive capsulitis), but there is an ongoing need for high quality trials of physical therapy interventions. Usually, physical therapy consists of active exercises intended to strengthen the shoulder muscles as stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint or perform mobilisations to improve restricted mobility of the glenohumeral or adjacent joints (shoulder girdle). It is generally accepted that a-traumatic shoulder problems are the result of impingement of the subacromial structures, such as the bursa or rotator cuff tendons. Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in shoulder muscles may also lead to a complex of symptoms that are often seen in patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tendinopathy. Little is known about the treatment of MTrPs in patients with shoulder disorders. 相似文献10.
Christopher Carpenter 《Academic emergency medicine》2008,15(S1):S231-S231
Traditional graduate medical education approaches to improving clinical performance based upon the latest research have included Journal Club and didactic lectures. Unfortunately, these educational interventions have rarely been demonstrated to change practice behavior or improve patient-important outcomes. Using a structured approach to identifying a gap between best-evidence knowledge and clinical practice, an illustrative one-year residency-wide translational research project was developed in a four year emergency medicine training program. Step one (assigned to the second year residents): identify and quantitatively justify a Knowledge Translation (KT) deficit within our institution. They identified steroids in adult bacterial meningitis as an unequivocal therapeutic option. Based upon a structured one-year chart review, they next demonstrated that only 7% of meningitis patients received pre-antimicrobial steroids. The next step (assigned to the first year residents): identify and quantify the physician "leaks" within the pipeline of information from publication to bedside utilization via an online survey. The third year residents hypothesized plugs for these information leaks, including examples of other specialties or institutions which have successfully navigated this specific clinical scenario. Finally, at an end-of-year Journal Club, the fourth year residents formulated a protocol for the appropriate use of steroids in suspected adult meningitis and brought together individuals from within the institution contributing to the best-practice leak. Knowledge Translation involves multiple stages beyond simple evidence awareness and usually involves continuation beyond the emergency department. The Washington University KT project offers a structured, multidisciplinary example of moving beyond contemplation to implementation of an unequivocal therapy. 相似文献