Carotid sinus nerve blockade to reduce blood pressure instability following carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Local anaesthetic infiltration into the carotid sinus during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been recommended to minimise blood pressure fluctuations but its use remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether intra-operative administration of local anaesthetic reduces the incidence of haemodynamic instability following CEA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of the Medline, Pubmed and Embase databases and the Current Controlled Trials register identified four trials, which met the pre-defined inclusion criteria for data extraction. Pooled odds ratios with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) for the development of post-operative hypotension and hypertension were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Outcomes of 432 patients were studied. Local anaesthetic blockade of the carotid sinus was associated with a pooled odds ratio of 1.25 (95 per cent c.i. 0.496 to 3.15); p=0.216) and 1.28 (95 per cent c.i. 0.699 to 2.33; p=0.428) for the development of post-operative hypotension and hypertension respectively. Although none reach significance there was a trend towards increased risk of developing a complication in those patients who received local anaesthetic. CONCLUSIONS: There are insufficient data to determine the role of intra-operative local anaesthetic administration in reducing post-operative blood pressure lability following CEA. Conversely, the possibility of harm cannot be excluded on the basis of the currently available data.     

Update on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the most significant chronic illnesses of adults. Comprehensive care of the affected patient requires the medical-surgical nurse to have knowledge of the disease process, collaborative management, and nursing care based on research and current practice guidelines.     

The development of food allergy after liver transplantation.

The acquisition of new food allergy after orthotopic liver transplantation is now a well described phenomenon, mainly reported in children. The etiology of this phenomenon is at present unclear, but has been ascribed by some to tacrolimus treatment. Here we report a case of liver transplant acquired food allergy (LTAFA) in a child who received a split liver graft. The case is remarkable for the absence of new food allergy in the adult recipient of the same graft. This suggests that host-specific factors play an important role in the development of food allergy after liver transplantation, and emphasizes the predisposition that children have toward this phenomenon. Possible mechanisms underlying the development of food allergy after liver transplantation are discussed. In conclusion, tacrolimus treatment alone cannot account for LTAFA. Host factors such as the maturity of immune regulatory mechanisms are likely to play a critical role in the development of new food allergy after a liver transplant.