The relationship between the incisor position and lingual surface morphology in normal occlusion

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the morphological characteristics of maxillary incisors and the anterior occlusion. The study materials comprised dental casts and lateral cephalograms of 26 modern Mongolian females with Angle Class I normal occlusion (mean age, 21 years 5 months). Computed tomography (CT) images of the dental casts were taken with an X-ray micro-CT system (SMX-100CT, Shimadzu, Kyoto Japan). The thickness of the marginal ridges and incisal edges, and the overjet and overbite, was measured on the three-dimensional images of the dental casts. On the lateral cephalogram, maxillary incisor to sella–nasion plane angle (U1 to SN angle), maxillary incisor to nasion-point A plane distance (U1 to NA distance), mandibular incisor to nasion-point B plane distance (L1 to NB distance), incisor mandibular plane angle, and interincisal angle were measured by tracing the left incisors of the maxilla and mandible. Spearman’s single rank correlation coefficients were used to investigate any correlation between measurement items for each maxillary incisor. The thickness of the marginal ridges and incisal edges was positively correlated with the overbite. The thickness of the incisal edges was positively correlated with the irregularity index of the maxilla. There were significant negative correlations between overbite and U1 to SN angle, U1 to NA distance, and L1 to NB distance. Significant positive correlations were noted between the overbite and the overjet. In conclusion, there was no strong relationship between the morphological characteristics of maxillary incisors and the anterior occlusion.     

Immunomodulation of Fungal β-Glucan in Host Defense Signaling by Dectin-1

During the course of evolution, animals encountered the harmful effects of fungi, which are strong pathogens. Therefore, they have developed powerful mechanisms to protect themselves against these fungal invaders. β-Glucans are glucose polymers of a linear β(1,3)-glucan backbone with β(1,6)-linked side chains. The immunostimulatory and antitumor activities of β-glucans have been reported; however, their mechanisms have only begun to be elucidated. Fungal and particulate β-glucans, despite their large size, can be taken up by the M cells of Peyer''s patches, and interact with macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) and activate systemic immune responses to overcome the fungal infection. The sampled β-glucans function as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on innate immune cells. Dectin-1 receptor systems have been incorporated as the PRRs of β-glucans in the innate immune cells of higher animal systems, which function on the front line against fungal infection, and have been exploited in cancer treatments to enhance systemic immune function. Dectin-1 on macrophages and DCs performs dual functions: internalization of β-glucan-containing particles and transmittance of its signals into the nucleus. This review will depict in detail how the physicochemical nature of β-glucan contributes to its immunostimulating effect in hosts and the potential uses of β-glucan by elucidating the dectin-1 signal transduction pathway. The elucidation of β-glucan and its signaling pathway will undoubtedly open a new research area on its potential therapeutic applications, including as immunostimulants for antifungal and anti-cancer regimens.     

Change in decorin during aging of rat placenta

By immunohistochemistry, with or without chondroitinases, decorin was found to be distributed in the extracellular matrix of chorionic villi and amnia. The strength of staining intensified with increasing gestational age. Decorin was isolated from the placenta of 13- to 20-day-old pregnant rats and identified by Western blotting, using an antidecorin core protein antibody. The molecular weight of decorin is approximately 100 kDa, whereas the respective figures for the core protein treated with chondroitinase (chase) ABC and with chase B are approximately 40 kDa and 43 kDa. The difference in the molecular weight between the core protein with chase ABC and B suggests that the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)- base structure on the core protein was chondroitin sulfate (CS) without dermatan sulfate (DS). The decorin content and the proportion of CS to DS in GAG increased with age. We concluded that the age-related changes in the GAG chain may be related to specific functional properties and may have a crucial role in placental tissue organization.     

High membrane expression of CMTM6 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with tumor recurrence

CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain–containing protein 6 (CMTM6) maintains membrane PD-L1 expression by controlling its endosomal recycling. However, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the correlation among CMTM6, B7 family ligands, and CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and the molecular function of CMTM6 in HCC have not been established. We performed immunohistochemistry to evaluate the relationships among CMTM6 expression, clinicopathological factors, B7 family ligands expression, and CTL infiltration in HCC samples. Moreover, we established CMTM6-knockout human HCC cell lines to evaluate the function of human CMTM6 in immune regulation and tumor viability. CMTM6 expression was positively associated with membrane B7 family ligands expression and CTL infiltration in HCC samples. High CMTM6 expression in HCC tissues was associated with the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and shorter recurrence-free survival. In vitro analysis showed the downregulation of membrane B7 family ligands and proliferation potency in the CMTM6-knockout human HCC cell line. High membrane CMTM6 expression was associated with tumor recurrence and proliferation via the regulation of membranous B7 family ligands expression. Thus, CMTM6 might be a biomarker to predict the risk of HCC recurrence and a therapeutic target to suppress tumor growth and increase CTL activity.     

Gamma‐aminobutyric acidA receptor agonist,muscimol, increases KiSS‐1 gene expression in hypothalamic cell models

Purpose

Accumulating evidence indicates that hypothalamic kisspeptin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. In this study, the direct action of the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)_A receptor agonist on kisspeptin‐expressing neuronal cells was examined.

Methods

A hypothalamic cell model of rat hypothalamic cell line R8 (rHypoE8) cells and primary cultures of neuronal cells from fetal rat brains were stimulated with a potent and selective GABA_A receptor agonist, muscimol, to determine the expression of the KiSS‐1 gene.

Results

Stimulation of the rHypoE8 cells with muscimol significantly increased the level of KiSS‐1 messenger (m)RNA expression. The ability of muscimol to increase the level of KiSS‐1 mRNA also was observed in the primary cultures of the neuronal cells from the fetal rat brains. The muscimol‐induced increase in KiSS‐1 mRNA expression was completely inhibited in the presence of the GABA_A receptor antagonist. Although muscimol increased the expression of KiSS‐1, the natural compound, GABA, failed to induce the expression of KiSS‐1 in the rHypoE8 cells. Muscimol did not modulate gonadotropin‐releasing hormone expression in either the rHypoE8 cells or the primary cultures of the fetal rat brains.

Conclusions

This study's observations suggest that the activation of the GABA_A receptor modulates the HPG axis by increasing kisspeptin expression in the hypothalamic neurons.