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1.
The effect of acute dopamine (DA) antagonist treatment on neuronal proneurotensin (NT) mRNA was investigated in the rat striatum using a technique of non-radioactive in situ hybridisation. Adult Wistar rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of either raclopride (D2 antagonist), SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) or its inactive isomer SCH 23388 and left to survive for 3 h. Their brains were rapidly removed and striatal sections processed for in situ hybridisation using an alkaline phosphatase (AP) labelled oligonucleotide specific for NT mRNA. Blockade of the DA D2 receptors by a single injection of raclopride resulted in an increase in the number of NT mRNA containing cells in the dorsal lateral rim of the striatum adjacent to the corpus callosum. In contrast, no such increase was observed following blockade of the DA D1 receptors with SCH 23390. These findings demonstrate that NT mRNA expression is differentially regulated in the adult rat striatum by selective D1 and D2 antagonists. 相似文献
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Zucker B Luthi-Carter R Kama JA Dunah AW Stern EA Fox JH Standaert DG Young AB Augood SJ 《Human molecular genetics》2005,14(2):179-189
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Smoking and female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis 总被引:11,自引:10,他引:11
The high prevalence of smoking among women in their reproductive years
continues to be a matter of concern. The negative effects of smoking on
general health are well known, but smoking may also affect fertility. The
objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review of the
literature to determine whether there is an association between smoking and
risk of infertility in women of reproductive age, and to assess the size of
this effect. In the 12 studies used for this meta- analysis, the overall
value of the odds ratio (OR) for risk of infertility in women smokers
versus non-smokers was 1.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-1.91].
Studies of subfertile women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF)
treatment also show a reduction in fecundity among women smokers. A
meta-analysis of nine studies found an OR of 0.66 (95% CI 0.49-0.88) for
pregnancies per number of IVF- treated cycles in smokers versus
non-smokers. Despite the potential limitations of meta-analyses of
observational studies, the evidence presented in this review is compelling
because of the consistency of effect across different study designs, sample
size and types of outcome. However, continued reassurance is needed that
the calculated overall effect is not in fact due to confounding variables.
相似文献
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Hodges A Strand AD Aragaki AK Kuhn A Sengstag T Hughes G Elliston LA Hartog C Goldstein DR Thu D Hollingsworth ZR Collin F Synek B Holmans PA Young AB Wexler NS Delorenzi M Kooperberg C Augood SJ Faull RL Olson JM Jones L Luthi-Carter R 《Human molecular genetics》2006,15(6):965-977
Huntington's disease (HD) pathology is well understood at a histological level but a comprehensive molecular analysis of the effect of the disease in the human brain has not previously been available. To elucidate the molecular phenotype of HD on a genome-wide scale, we compared mRNA profiles from 44 human HD brains with those from 36 unaffected controls using microarray analysis. Four brain regions were analyzed: caudate nucleus, cerebellum, prefrontal association cortex [Brodmann's area 9 (BA9)] and motor cortex [Brodmann's area 4 (BA4)]. The greatest number and magnitude of differentially expressed mRNAs were detected in the caudate nucleus, followed by motor cortex, then cerebellum. Thus, the molecular phenotype of HD generally parallels established neuropathology. Surprisingly, no mRNA changes were detected in prefrontal association cortex, thereby revealing subtleties of pathology not previously disclosed by histological methods. To establish that the observed changes were not simply the result of cell loss, we examined mRNA levels in laser-capture microdissected neurons from Grade 1 HD caudate compared to control. These analyses confirmed changes in expression seen in tissue homogenates; we thus conclude that mRNA changes are not attributable to cell loss alone. These data from bona fide HD brains comprise an important reference for hypotheses related to HD and other neurodegenerative diseases. 相似文献
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Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in organotypic slice cultures of the rat hippocampus: an immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The neuronal distributions of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y and their respective mRNAs in hippocampal slice cultures were examined by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization. For the in situ hybridization we used an alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligodeoxynucleotide probe for somatostatin mRNA and an 35S-labelled oligodeoxynucleotide probe for neuropeptide Y mRNA. For both neuropeptides the immunostained and hybridized neurons displayed a comparable, organotypic distribution. Most labelled neurons were located in the dentate hilus and stratum oriens of CA3 and CA1. Additional neurons were found in stratum radiatum and pyramidale of CA3, but very few in the corresponding layers of CA1. In all locations the density of somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-reactive cells exceeded that observed in vivo. Also, the hybridization signal of the individual neurons appeared enhanced in the slice cultures. Methodologically it was noted that the non-radioactive alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligodeoxynucleotide probe gave excellent in situ hybridization results with detailed cellular resolution and no apparent problems of tissue penetration, even when used on whole-mount explants. These results demonstrate that somatostatin and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive and mRNA containing neurons retain their organotypic distribution and basic morphological characteristics in the slice cultures. The supernormal density of these neurons and their hybridization signals indicate that a transient developmental increase in neuropeptide expression may persist in vitro. 相似文献
9.
The aim of the systematic review was to determine the effect of cisapride compared with placebo or other non-surgical therapies for the treatment of symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Science Citation Index and reference lists for randomized controlled trials which compared cisapride with placebo or other non-surgical therapy in children. We included only trials which reported reflux-related symptoms as an outcome, provided that cisapride was administered orally for at least I week. Seven trials (286 children in total) compared cisapride with placebo. Two trials reported good concealment of treatment allocation. The pooled odds ratio for the 'same or worse' symptoms was 0.34 (95% CI 0.10, 1.19). There was substantial heterogeneity between studies (P < 0.00001) and the funnel plot was asymmetrical. Adverse effects (mainly diarrhoea) were not significantly increased with cisapride (pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.80: 0.87, 3.70). The reflux index was significantly reduced in children treated with cisapride (weighted mean difference -6.49: -10.13, -2.85). One study (50 children) compared cisapride with gaviscon plus carobel: the OR for the 'same or worse' symptoms was 3.26 (0.93, 11.38). There was no clear evidence that cisapride reduced symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux. As smaller, poorer quality studies were biased in favour of a positive treatment effect, the pooled OR overestimated the potential benefits of cisapride. There was some evidence to suggest that gaviscon plus carobel may be a more effective option than cisapride. 相似文献
10.
Endogenous cytochrome oxidase activity was investigated in the adult rat striatum at the light microscope level to see if it was distributed in accordance with the established striatal patch/matrix compartmentalisation. Striatal sections stained to visualise cytochrome oxidase activity were compared with serial sections stained to visualise tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindinD28k-like immunoreactivity, established markers of the matrix compartment. The distribution of endogenous cytochrome oxidase activity was found to coincide with the immunocytochemical staining pattern seen for tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindinD28k whereby areas of intense tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindinD28k-like immunoreactivity (termed the matrix) corresponded to areas of intense cytochrome oxidase activity. Conversely, areas of less intense tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindinD28k-like immunoreactivity (termed patches) corresponded to areas of low cytochrome oxidase activity. In addition, the distribution of two other oxidative enzymes involved in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration, succinic dehydrogenase and NADH-diaphorase, was examined in the striatum and substantia nigra by using histochemical techniques. Both NADH-diaphorase and succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry showed an uneven pattern of neuropil staining in the striatum. In the substantia nigra a few intensely stained cell bodies were seen in the dorsal-lateral tip of the pars reticulata with both histochemical techniques. By using an anti-cytochrome oxidase antibody an abundance of immunoreactive cell bodies and processes were seen in the substantia nigra, particularly in the dorso-medial rim and dorsal tip of the pars reticulata. The substantia nigra pars lateralis contained many intensely stained cytochrome oxidase-like immunoreactive cell bodies and processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献