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1.
Lisa Werner Ernst Winkelmann Annelore Koglin J?rg Neser Heiko Rodewohl 《Anatomy and embryology》1989,180(6):583-597
Summary The morhological features of 298 neurons impregnated according to Golgi-Kopsch in areas 17 and 18 of Macaca mulatta were analyzed, and the same neurons were deimpregnated to visualize structural details of the somata in different types of neurons. The following cell types were investigated: Pyramidal and pyramid-like cells, spiny stellate cells, double bouquet cells, bipolar cells, chandelier cells, neurogliaform cells, basket and related cells. This procedure allows the evaluation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic proportion and the position of the nucleus besides shape and size of the cell body. Pyramidal and pyramid-like cells (N=43), spiny stellate cells (N=26), basket and related cells (N=126) are variable in these features. A positive correlation between soma size and width of the cytoplasm is found in pyramidal, pyramid-like cells and spiny stellate cells. With the exception of some large somata in both these types of neurons the nucleus is found in a central position. Double bouquet cells (N=6), bipolar cells (N=13) and chandelier cells (N=11) exhibit small cytoplasmic rims and centrally located nuclei. The small somata of neurogliaform cells (N=37), however, and the small to very large somata of basket and related cells show broad cytoplasmic portions surrounding the eccentrically located nuclei. These findings allow the identification of different neuronal types in Nisslstained sections on the basis of these soma features. This is a prerequisite for further detailed quantitative studies on the laminar distribution of different neuronal types in the visual cortex of the monkey. 相似文献
2.
Ehling D Kennerknecht I Junge A Prager B Exeler R Behre B Horst J Schmitt-John T Bartsch O Wirth J 《American journal of medical genetics. Part A》2004,131(3):265-272
We describe two unrelated patients with cytogenetically visible deletions of 21q22.2-q22.3 and mild phenotypes. Both patients presented minor dysmorphic features including thin marfanoid build, facial asymmetry, downward-slanting palpebral fissures, depressed nasal bridge, small nose with bulbous tip, and mild mental retardation (MR). FISH and molecular studies indicated common deleted areas but different breakpoints. In patient 1, the breakpoint was fine mapped to a 5.2 kb interval between exon 5 and exon 8 of the ETS2 gene. The subtelomeric FISH probe was absent on one homologue 21 indicating a terminal deletion spanning approximately 7.9 Mb in size. In patient 2, the proximal breakpoint was determined to be 300-700 kb distal to ETS2, and the distal breakpoint 2.5-0.3 Mb from the 21q telomere, indicating an interstitial deletion sized approximately 4.7-7.3 Mb. The 21q- syndrome is rare and typically associated with a severe phenotype, but different outcomes depending on the size and location of the deleted area have been reported. Our data show that monosomy 21q of the area distal to the ETS2 gene, representing the terminal 7.9 Mb of 21q, may result in mild phenotypes comprising facial anomalies, thin marfanoid build, and mild MR, with or without signs of holoprosencephaly. 相似文献
3.
Ellis SG Popma JJ Lasala JM Koglin JJ Cox DA Hermiller J O'shaughnessy C Mann JT Turco M Caputo R Bergin P Greenberg J Stone GW 《Journal of the American College of Cardiology》2005,45(8):1193-1200
OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the relationship between angiographic late loss and clinical outcomes in the drug-eluting stent era. BACKGROUND: The interrelationship between angiographic late loss, binary restenosis, and clinical recurrence (target lesion revascularization [TLR]) after coronary stent implantation has been incompletely evaluated. METHODS: Using the angiographic substudy of the TAXUS-IV trial, in which 1,314 patients with de novo coronary lesions were randomized to either the paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS stent or to its bare-metal equivalent, we defined the relationship between in-stent and analysis segment late loss, the shape of the late loss histogram (variance and skewedness), and nine-month TLR. RESULTS: Late loss by several measures was closely related to TLR (area under the receiver-operator curve >0.90). For individual vessels of the size in this study (2.8 +/- 0.5 mm), the likelihood of TLR did not exceed 5% until analysis segment late loss was >0.5 mm, and did not exceed 10% until late loss was >0.65 mm. At greater late losses, the late loss TLR relationship was steep and nearly linear. For the overall patient cohort, the rate of TLR was related, however, not only to median late loss, but also to measures of its statistical distribution (TLR increased with lack of homogeneous biologic response [greater variance and greater right skewedness]). Similar relationships held for late loss measured within the confines of the stent itself. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary stents result in large lumens with "room" to accommodate up to approximately 0.5 to 0.65 mm of tissue (angiographic analysis segment late loss) before the likelihood of clinical restenosis (TLR) exceeds 5% to 10%. These data have important implications toward understanding the absolute and relative efficacy of drug-eluting stents. 相似文献
4.
Michael R. Sawaya Duilio Cascio Mari Gingery Jose Rodriguez Lukasz Goldschmidt Jacques-Philippe Colletier Marc M. Messerschmidt Sébastien Boutet Jason E. Koglin Garth J. Williams Aaron S. Brewster Karol Nass Johan Hattne Sabine Botha R. Bruce Doak Robert L. Shoeman Daniel P. DePonte Hyun-Woo Park Brian A. Federici Nicholas K. Sauter Ilme Schlichting David S. Eisenberg 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2014,111(35):12769-12774
It has long been known that toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are stored in the bacterial cells in crystalline form. Here we describe the structure determination of the Cry3A toxin found naturally crystallized within Bt cells. When whole Bt cells were streamed into an X-ray free-electron laser beam we found that scattering from other cell components did not obscure diffraction from the crystals. The resolution limits of the best diffraction images collected from cells were the same as from isolated crystals. The integrity of the cells at the moment of diffraction is unclear; however, given the short time (∼5 µs) between exiting the injector to intersecting with the X-ray beam, our result is a 2.9-Å-resolution structure of a crystalline protein as it exists in a living cell. The study suggests that authentic in vivo diffraction studies can produce atomic-level structural information.The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has made it possible to obtain atomic resolution macromolecular structures from crystals with sizes approximating only 1/60th of the volume of a single red blood cell. Brief, intense pulses of coherent X-rays, focused on a spot of 3-μm diameter, have produced 1.9-Å-resolution diffraction data from a stream of lysozyme crystals, each crystal no bigger than 3 μm3 (1). A stream of crystals, not just one crystal, is required to collect the many tens of thousands of diffraction patterns that compose a complete data set. No single crystal can contribute more than one diffraction pattern because the XFEL beam is so intense and the crystals so small that the crystals are typically vaporized after a single pulse. Impressively, a photosystem I crystal no bigger than 10 unit cells (300 nm) on an edge produced observable subsidiary diffraction peaks between Bragg reflections, details which would be unobservable from conventionally sized crystals (2). With this new ability to collect diffraction patterns from crystals of unprecedentedly small dimensions, it is conceivable that high-resolution diffraction data could be collected from crystals in vivo. The structure obtained in this manner would be unaltered from that occurring naturally in a living cell, free from distortion that might otherwise potentially arise from nonphysiological conditions imposed by recrystallization. A practical advantage would also be gained by eliminating the need for a protein purification step, whether the in vivo grown crystals were naturally, or heterologously expressed (3).The nascent field of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has published results on nine different macromolecular systems since its inception in 2009 (3, 9). The crystals for this study were not grown in artificial crystallization chambers as has been the protocol of conventional macromolecular crystallography since the 1950s. Instead, crystals were grown in cells. Specifically, they were grown in Sf9 insect cells, heterologously expressing Trypanosoma brucei cathepsin B. These in vivo-grown crystals were used for the XFEL diffraction experiment. To this end, the cells were lysed and the crystals were extracted before injecting them in the XFEL beam for data collection. This last purification step seems to be the only major departure from our goal of obtaining high-resolution structural information from crystal inclusions in vivo, without requiring the crystal to be extracted from the cell that assembled it. Here we attempt to go one step further than previous studies—to record diffraction from crystals within living cells.
Open in a separate window*The available XFEL energy was limited to 2 keV (6.2 Å wavelength) when these experiments were conducted.Our target for in vivo crystal structure determination is the insecticidal Cry3A toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The bacterium naturally produces crystals of toxin during sporulation (16). Presumably, the capacity for in vivo crystallization evolved in Bt as a mechanism to store the toxin in a concentrated, space-efficient manner. Since the 1920s, farmers have used the crystalline insecticidal proteins to control insect pests; its production as a natural pesticide is now a commercial enterprise. Attempts to structurally characterize the toxins date back to more than 40 y ago with the first report of diffraction from isolated crystals that were packed together in powder form to obtain a measurable signal; X-ray sources available at the time were relatively weak (17). More than 20 y later, the structure was determined at 2.5-Å resolution by single crystal diffraction using a synchrotron X-ray source (18). However, to achieve this result, the authors dissolved the naturally occurring microcrystals and recrystallized the toxin using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. To date, more than a dozen Bt toxin structures have been reported from various strains [Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID codes 1cby, 1ciy, 1i5p, 1ji6, 1w99, 2d42, 2c9k, 2rci, 3eb7, 2ztb, 3ron, 4d8m, 4ato, 4ary, and 4arx], but none using naturally occurring crystals, and all of the crystals had lost their native context.In pursuit of in vivo diffraction, we took advantage of the Bt subsp. israelensis strain 4Q7/pPFT3As to produce the largest in vivo crystals achievable. This strain contains the plasmid pPFT3As, which increases expression of Cry3A by 12.7-fold over wild type by using strong promoters and an mRNA stabilizing sequence (19). The level of Cry3A production is such that the cell essentially distorts to take on the shape of the enclosed crystal. The calculated average crystal volume is 0.7 µm3 (19), almost accounting for the volume of the cell. To explore the possibilities for in situ data collection of in vivo microcrystals, we injected both the crystals in cells and crystals that we isolated from cells in the XFEL beam and collected SFX diffraction data. Our experiments revealed that the cell wall and other cellular components are not an obstacle to achieving 2.9-Å-resolution diffraction, and analogous studies in other systems might be similarly successful. 相似文献
Table 1.
SFX publications from XFEL sources to datePublication date | System | Product | Resolution (Å) | Title of publication | Authors | Reference |
Feb 2011* | Photosystem I | Structure | 8.7 | Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography | Chapman et al. | 2 |
Dec 2011* | Lysozyme | Structure | 8.7 | Radiation damage in protein serial femtosecond crystallography using an X-ray free-electron laser | Lomb et al. | 4 |
Jan 2012* | Photosystem I-Ferredoxin | Data | 11 | Time-resolved protein nanocrystallography using an X-ray free-electron laser | Aquila et al. | 5 |
Jan 2012* | Cathepsin B | Data | 7.5 | In vivo protein crystallization opens new routes in structural biology | Koopman et al. | 3 |
Jan 2012* | Photosynthetic Reaction Center | Structure | 7.4 | Lipidic phase membrane protein serial femtosecond crystallography | Johansson et al. | 6 |
Jun 2012 | Photosystem II | Structure | 6.6 | Room temperature femtosecond X-ray diffraction of photosystem II microcrystals | Kern et al. | 7 |
Jul 2012 | Lysozyme | Structure | 1.9 | High-resolution protein structure determination by serial femtosecond crystallography | Boutet et al. | 1 |
Nov 2012 | Thermolysin | Data | 4.0 | Nanoflow electrospinning serial femtosecond crystallography | Sierra et al. | 8 |
Jan 2013 | Cathepsin B | Structure | 2.1 | Natively inhibited Trypsanosoma brucei cathepsin B structure determined by using an X-ray laser | Redecke et al. | 9 |
Apr 2013 | Photosystem II | Structure | 5.7 | Simultaneous femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction of photosystem II at room temperature | Kern et al. | 10 |
May 2013 | Lysozyme | Structure | 3.2 | Anomalous signal from S atoms in protein crystallographic data from an X-ray free-electron laser | Barends et al. | 11 |
Sept 2013 | Ribosome | Data | <6 | Serial femtosecond X-ray diffraction of 30S ribosomal subunit microcrystals in liquid suspension at ambient temperature using an X-ray free-electron laser | Demirci et al. | 12 |
Dec 2013 | Photosynthetic Reaction Center | Structure | 3.5 | Structure of a photosynthetic reaction center determined by serial femtosecond crystallography | Johansson et al. | 13 |
Dec 2013 | Serotonin receptor | Structure | 2.8 | Serial femtosecond crystallography of G protein-coupled receptors | Liu et al. | 14 |
Jan 2014 | Lysozyme + Gd | Structure | 2.1 | De novo protein crystal structure determination from XFEL data | Barends et al. | 15 |
This study | Cry3A toxin, isolated crystals and whole cells | Structure | 2.8, 2.9 | 2.9 Å-Resolution protein crystal structure obtained from injecting bacterial cells into an X-ray free-electron laser beam | Sawaya et al. | This study |
5.
Birte Schulz Annelore Altendorf-Hofmann Thomas Kirchner Detlef Katenkamp Iver Petersen Thomas Knösel 《Pathology, research and practice》2014
The aim of this study was to characterize the subgroups of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) and to investigate the expression of different biomarkers including CD34 and IGF2 in malignant transformation. 相似文献
6.
7.
Heme oxygenase (HO) converts heme to carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin IX. CO is a weak activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase (SGC), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to the second messenger cGMP. HO overexpression has recently been shown to inhibit production of cGMP by SGC in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible influence of biliverdin IX on SGC activity. Using recombinant alpha(1)/beta(1) isoform of SGC, we show an inhibitory effect of biliverdin IX in the micromolar range both on basal and NO stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity. Bilirubin IX which differs from biliverdin IX in two hydrogen atoms had no effect. Biliverdin IX reduced maximal guanylyl cyclase activity (V(max) values) while it had no effect on the K(M) values indicating unchanged affinity towards the substrate GTP. Concentration response experiments using the NO donor, 2,2-diethyl-1-nitroso-oxyhydrazine (DEA/NO), showed that enzyme activities at maximal DEA/NO concentration were reduced by biliverdin IX. The affinity of the NO-donor, DEA/NO, towards SGC was significantly reduced in the presence of biliverdin IX. Biliverdin IX lowered enzyme activity at maximal activator concentrations of YC-1 and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) while it had no significant effect on the EC(50) values of these two NO independent activators. The inhibitory effect of biliverdin IX on PPIX activated enzyme activity is not shared by ODQ, which indicates that the inhibitory mechanism of biliverdin IX is different from ODQ. 相似文献
8.
Annelore SchÄfer 《Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery》1959,51(3):356-376
Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 4 Textabbildungen (10 Einzelbilder)Herrn Professor Dr. K. Niederecker in dankbarer Verehrung zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.Die Durchführung der Arbeit wurde durch Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ermöglicht. 相似文献
9.
Groetzner J Meiser BM Schirmer J Koglin J vScheidt W Klauss V Cremer P Reichenspurner H Reichart B 《Transplantation proceedings》2001,33(1-2):1461-1464
10.
Gina Kavanaugh Jason Williams Andrew Scott Morris Michael L. Nickels Ronald Walker Norman Koglin Andrew W. Stephens M. Kay Washington Sunil K. Geevarghese Qi Liu Dan Ayers Yu Shyr H. Charles Manning 《Molecular imaging and biology》2016,18(6):924-934