Association Between Patient and Physician Sex and Physician-Estimated Stroke and Bleeding Risks in Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Physicians treating nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) assess stroke and bleeding risks when deciding on anticoagulation. The agreement between empirical and physician-estimated risks is unclear. Furthermore, the association between patient and physician sex and anticoagulation decision-making is uncertain.

Dietary Tryptophan Reverses Alcohol-induced Impairment of Facial Recognition But Not Verbal Recall

The present study demonstrates that alcohol-induced memory impairment can be attenuated by pretreatment with an oral tryptophan supplementation. These results provide support for the role of a brain serotonin deficit in this impairment and highlight the impact a dietary manipulation can have on a complex behavioral process.     

The self-traumatized perpetrator as a “transient mental illness”

Conceived of during the Vietnam war, the hypothesis that the perpetrators of atrocities could subsequently develop psychiatric disorders identical to those of their victims led to the emergence of a specific category: the self-traumatized perpetrator. While the United States was discovering that its soldiers had been involved in appallingly barbaric acts, psychiatry through the DSM-III post-traumatic stress disorder provided a more conciliatory response to the behavior of those veterans by shifting the political issue into the sphere of clinical debate. The author examines the origin, development and the subsequent exhaustion of this category from a strictly anthropological point of view. In this study, the category of self-traumatized perpetrator has been constructed on the basis of psychological knowledge and of various influencing external factors. In this sense, it can be viewed as transient category as far as psychiatric nosology is concerned, and is closely dependent on the outcome of the political and social issues that favored its emergence, and destined to disappear with them. In adopting the term coined by Ian Hacking, the author shows that the disorder observed in the case of the self-traumatized perpetrator is above all a “transient mental illness”     

Conjugated linoleic acid evokes de-lipidation through the regulation of genes controlling lipid metabolism in adipose and liver tissue

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a unique lipid that elicits dramatic reductions in adiposity in several animal models when included at < or = 1% of the diet. Despite a flurry of investigations, the precise mechanisms by which conjugated linoleic acid elicits its dramatic effects in adipose tissue and liver are still largely unknown. In vivo and in vitro analyses of physiological modifications imparted by conjugated linoleic acid on protein and gene expression suggest that conjugated linoleic acid exerts its de-lipidating effects by modulating energy expenditure, apoptosis, fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, stromal vascular cell differentiation and lipogenesis. The purpose of this review shall be to examine the recent advances and insights into conjugated linoleic acid's effects on obesity and lipid metabolism, specifically focused on changes in gene expression and physiology of liver and adipose tissue.     

Right Hepatic Lobectomy Using the Staple Technique in 101 Patients

Background Application of linear stapling devices for extrahepatic vascular control in liver surgery has been well-established. However, the technique for use of stapling devices in hepatic parenchymal transection is not well defined. Purpose To describe the safety and efficacy of our technique for use of vascular stapling devices in hepatic parenchymal transection during open right hepatic lobectomy is the purpose of this study. Methodology We reviewed our experience with 101 consecutive open right hepatic lobectomies performed by a single surgeon between January 2003 and July 2006, in which vascular staplers were utilized for the parenchymal transection phase. Results Of the 101 patients who underwent resection, 53 (52%) were female. The mean age was 58 years. Malignant disease was the indication for resection in the majority of patients (88%). Of those with cancer, 78% (69 of 89) had metastatic colorectal cancer, 6% (5 of 89) had metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, 4% (4 of 89) had hepatocellular carcinoma, 4% (4 of 89) had cholangiocarcinoma, and the remaining 8% were other metastatic cancers. Twelve patients (12%) underwent resection for hepatic adenoma or symptomatic benign disease (FNH or hemangioma). Forty-eight patients (48%) underwent a major ancillary procedure at the time of hepatic resection. Thirty-nine patients (39%) had a nonanatomic wedge resection of a left lobe lesion, 27 patients (27%) had one or more lesions treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and 6 patients (6%) were treated with a synchronous bowel resection. The median total operative time was 336 min (range 155–620 min). A Pringle maneuver for temporary vascular inflow occlusion was utilized in all cases, with a median time of 9 min (range 4–17 min). Ten patients (10%) required blood transfusion during surgery or in the postoperative period. The maximum transfusion was 2 U of packed red blood cells (PRBC) in seven patients and 1 U of PRBC in three patients. The mean nadir postoperative hematocrit was 28.2. All patients with malignant disease had tumor-free margins at the completion of the procedure. The average hospital length of stay was 6.0 days. One patient (1%) developed a clinically significant bile leak requiring a postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP). No patient required reoperation. The 30 and 60-day postoperative survival was 100%. Conclusion These findings indicate that application of vascular stapling devices for parenchymal transection in major hepatic resection is a safe technique, with low transfusion requirements and minimal postoperative bile leak. The technique allows for rapid transection of the entire right hepatic lobe in under 10 min. Short video clips of the technique will be demonstrated. Presented at the 2007 American Hepato–Pancreato–Biliary Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 19–22, 2007 (oral presentation/video presentation).     

The relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring in plasma and erythrocytes in anti-cancer drug treatment.

Therapeutic drug monitoring generally focuses on the plasma compartment only. Differentiation between the total plasma concentration and the free fraction (plasma water) has been described for a number of limited drugs. Besides the plasma compartment, blood has also a cellular fraction which has by far the largest theoretical surface and volume for drug transport. It is with anti-cancer drugs that major progress has been made in the study of partition between the largest cellular blood compartment, i.e., erythrocytes, and the plasma compartment. The aim of the present review is to detail the progress made in predicting what a drug does in the body, i.e., pharmacodynamics including toxicity and plasma and/or red blood cell concentration monitoring. Furthermore, techniques generally used in anti-cancer drug monitoring are highlighted. Data for complex Bayesian statistical approaches and population kinetics studies are beyond the scope of this review, since this is generally limited to the plasma compartment only.     

IDEC-131 (Anti-CD154), Sirolimus and Donor-Specific Transfusion Facilitate Operational Tolerance in Non-Human Primates

CD154-specific antibody therapy prevents allograft rejection in many experimental transplant models. However, initial clinical transplant trials with anti-CD154 have been disappointing suggesting the need for as of yet undetermined adjuvant therapy. In rodents, donor antigen (e.g., a donor blood transfusion), or mTOR inhibition (e.g., sirolimus), enhances anti-CD154's efficacy. We performed renal transplants in major histocompatibility complex-(MHC) mismatched rhesus monkeys and treated recipients with combinations of the CD154-specific antibody IDEC-131, and/or sirolimus, and/or a pre-transplant donor-specific transfusion (DST). Therapy was withdrawn after 3 months. Triple therapy prevented rejection during therapy in all animals and led to operational tolerance in three of five animals including donor-specific skin graft acceptance in the two animals tested. IDEC-131, sirolimus and DST are highly effective in preventing renal allograft rejection in primates. This apparently clinically applicable regimen is promising for human renal transplant trials.     

Brightness discrimination and contrast sensitivity in chronic glaucoma--a clinical study.

The visual acuity, the difference in sensitivity of the two eyes to light (brightness ratio), and contrast sensitivity were assessed in 28 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and compared with those of 41 normal controls of similar ages and visual acuity. The results obtained were related to the results of Tübingen visual field analysis in patients with glaucoma. Twenty-four of the 28 glaucoma patients (86%) had a significant disparity in brightness ratio between the two eyes. This was found to match the frequency of visual field loss. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the interocular differences in brightness sense and the difference in the degree of visual field loss between the two eyes. Of the glaucoma patients 39% had sum contrast sensitivities outside the normal range for age-matched normal controls. No significant correlation was found between the interocular difference in brightness sense and the visual acuity or the interocular difference in sum contrast sensitivity. It is concluded that, in the presence of a normal visual acuity, the brightness ratio test warrants evaluation as a potential screening test for chronic open angle glaucoma.