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ABSTRACT. The phonological abilities of two groups of 4–9-year-old intellectually impaired Cantonese-speaking children are described. Children with Down's syndrome did not differ from matched non-Down's syndrome controls in terms of a lexical comprehension measure, the size of their phoneme repertoires, the range of sounds affected by articulatory imprecision, or the number of consonants, vowels or tones produced in error. However, the types of errors made by the Down's syndrome children were different from those made by the control subjects. Cantonese-speaking children with Downs syndrome, as compared with controls, made a greater number of inconsistent errors, were more likely to produce non-developmental errors and were better in imitation than in spontaneous production. Despite extensive differences between the phonological structures of Cantonese and English, children with Downs syndrome acquiring these languages show the same characteristic pattern of speech errors. One unexpected finding was that the control group of non-Down's syndrome children failed to present with delayed phonological development typically reported for their English-speaking counterparts. The argument made is that cross-linguistic studies of intellectually impaired children's language acquisition provide evidence concerning language-specific characteristics of impairment, as opposed to those characteristics that, remaining constant across languages, are an integral part of the disorder. The results reported here support the hypothesis that the speech disorder typically associated with Down's syndrome arises from impaired phonological planning, i.e. a cognitive linguistic deficit. 相似文献
3.
Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by treatment with polyethylene glycol-conjugated type II collagen; distinct tolerogenic property of the conjugated collagen from the native one
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Administration of a soluble protein into animals prior to challenge immunization induces immunological tolerance which is specific for the protein. In addition, chemical modification of proteins with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been reported to convert the immunogenic proteins to become tolerogenic. However, differences in tolerogenic properties between PEG-modified proteins and the native counterparts have never been analysed. The ability of PEG-conjugated type II collagen (PEG-CII) to attenuate CIA, an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis, was compared with the native unconjugated CII. Groups of DBA/1 J mice were treated weekly with i.p. injections with PEG-CII, native CII, or vehicle alone for 3 weeks, before they were challenged with CII in adjuvants. The induction of tolerance was confirmed in both PEG-CII- and CII-pretreated mice when suppression of lymph node T cell proliferation in response to CII was noted. The degrees of suppression of T cell proliferation were comparable between the two pretreated groups. However, induction of arthritis and production of IgG anti-CII antibody were more markedly suppressed in PEG-CII-pretreated mice than in native CII-pretreated mice, although the severity of arthritis and antibody levels in the latter group were also lower than in control mice. IgG2a and IgG2b antibody levels were equally suppressed in the two pretreated groups, whereas the IgG1 level was significantly lower in the PEG-CII-pretreated group than in the native CII-pretreated group. The results provide the first evidence that attachment of PEG to CII renders the protein more tolerogenic. 相似文献
4.
Pathways to care for alcohol use disorders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
5.
A set of monozygotic triplets (PE.K., P.K., S.K.) has been studied. There is no diabetes in first-degree relatives. PE.K. developed insulin-requiring (60 U. NPH) diabetes at the age of 13 years. Over a period of 11 years since that time, numerous studies of insulin and growth-hormone secretion were performed on P.K. and S.K., including multiple oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), cortisone-primed oral glucose tolerance tests (C-OGTTs), intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs), and intravenous tolbutamide tests (IVTTs). The results of each test were compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. P. K. developed insulin-requiring (56 U. NPH) diabetes after remaining discordant for eight years. Glucose, insilin, and growth-hormone responses during all tests were normal except during the IVGTT performed four months prior to the onset of diabetes. This last IVGTT revealed a glucose disappearance rate of 0.98 per cent per minute, and the slope of the regression line of serum-insulin response (IRI) on blood glucose (BG) was markedly decreased to 0.005 micronU./ml. IRI/mg./dl. BG (controls 0.340 +/- 0.04; mean +/- S.E.M.). The insulin responses in P.K. and S.K. were similar during all OGTTs, C-OGTTs, and IVTTs. S.K. has continued to maintain normal glucose tolerance and normal insulin and growth-hormone responses during all tests. The histocompability antigen studies have revealed HLA-A2, AW24, BW15, and BW40 phenotype in these monozygotic triplets. Muscle capillary basement membranes of the nondiabetic triplet were normal, whereas both diabetic triplets manifested evidence of capillary basement membrane thickening. The clinical and biochemical profiles in these triplets and the capillary basement membrane data lend strong credence to the role of "nongenetic" determinants in the development of "genetic" diabetes as well as diabetic microangiopathy in juvenile-onset-type diabetes. 相似文献
6.
PC NG KW SO TF FOK MC YAM MY WONG W WONG 《Journal of paediatrics and child health》1997,33(4):324-328
Objectives: A prospective study comparing the efficiacy and side-effects of oral sulindac with intravenous indomethacin in clinically stable preterm infants (<1750 g) requiring non-invasive closure of haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus.
Methodology: As maturity and birthweight are the two major determinants of ductal closure, infants were matched as closely as possible for these parameters. An eligible patient was first assigned to the sulindac group and a subsequent patient with similar gestational age (± 1 week) and birthweight (±100 g) to the previously recruited infant would automatically receive indomethacin. A total of eight infants were enrolled in each group.
Results: The ductus arteriosus was successfully closed in all eight infants receiving indomethacin, and in seven of eight infants receiving sulindac. No significant differences were found with regards to the ductal size between the two groups at diagnosis or on each of the consecutive days of treatment ( P >0.25). More renal adverse effects were encountered in the indomethacin group. Significant differences in changes from baseline value for urine output, plasma sodium, urea and creatinine concentrations were noted at 24, 48 and 72 h after commencement of treatment between the two groups ( P <0.05). All the parameters returned to normal or pre-treatment levels 48 h after stopping therapy. Unexpectedly, severe gastrointestinal complications were encountered in the sulindac group.
Conclusions: Sulindac is capable of promoting ductal constriction in clinically stable preterm infants without compromising the renal function. The spectrum of gastrointestinal complications observed in sulindac treated infants were similar to those described for indomethacin. The use of sulindac for ductal closure in the preterm infant should remain experimental. 相似文献
Methodology: As maturity and birthweight are the two major determinants of ductal closure, infants were matched as closely as possible for these parameters. An eligible patient was first assigned to the sulindac group and a subsequent patient with similar gestational age (± 1 week) and birthweight (±100 g) to the previously recruited infant would automatically receive indomethacin. A total of eight infants were enrolled in each group.
Results: The ductus arteriosus was successfully closed in all eight infants receiving indomethacin, and in seven of eight infants receiving sulindac. No significant differences were found with regards to the ductal size between the two groups at diagnosis or on each of the consecutive days of treatment ( P >0.25). More renal adverse effects were encountered in the indomethacin group. Significant differences in changes from baseline value for urine output, plasma sodium, urea and creatinine concentrations were noted at 24, 48 and 72 h after commencement of treatment between the two groups ( P <0.05). All the parameters returned to normal or pre-treatment levels 48 h after stopping therapy. Unexpectedly, severe gastrointestinal complications were encountered in the sulindac group.
Conclusions: Sulindac is capable of promoting ductal constriction in clinically stable preterm infants without compromising the renal function. The spectrum of gastrointestinal complications observed in sulindac treated infants were similar to those described for indomethacin. The use of sulindac for ductal closure in the preterm infant should remain experimental. 相似文献
7.
Abstract: We report the first case of fatal anthrax meningoencephalitis in Hong Kong over the past 60 years. A 13 year-old boy presented with right lower quadrant pain, diarrhoea and progressive headache. Lumbar puncture yielded gram positive bacilli initially thought to be Bacillus cereus, a contaminant. He was treated with ampicillin and cefotaxime, but died 3 days after hospitalization. The organism isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid was later identified as Bacillus anthracis. 相似文献
8.
DANIEL KK NG POK-YU CHOW WAI-PING LAI KIT-CHING CHAN BO-LING TSANG AND HANG-YIN SO 《Pediatrics international》2006,48(2):158-162
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an intensive asthma education program (group B) with that of a standard asthma education program (group A). METHODS: A prospective randomized single blinded study was conducted in the pediatric department of a public hospital in Hong Kong. Children aged 2-15 years admitted to the pediatric department with an acute attack of asthma were recruited. A standard asthma education program (group A) or an intensive asthma education program (group B) for children were offered. The main outcome measures include the number of visits to the emergency department and the number of hospitalization for asthma during the 3 month follow-up period. RESULTS: A total of 45 children were in group A and 55 in group B. Group B had statistically significant reductions in the number of visits to the emergency department and the number of hospitalizations. Drug compliance was also significantly improved in group B. Parents' satisfaction rate was also higher in group B. CONCLUSION: The intensive asthma education program might be more cost effective than the standard asthma education program in the management of asthmatic children admitted to hospital in Hong Kong. 相似文献
9.
限制饮食对健康和老化的益处已经逐渐被大家所认识。本文从学习、记忆、突触可塑性、神经再生等神经功能方面,回顾了最近有关限制饮食的基础及临床研究。目前认为限制饮食在神经功能方面发挥多种作用,其中较令人满意的解释是限制饮食作为一种应激原,能诱导机体内有利环境的形成。这个环境有利于促进神经可塑性,提高认知功能,刺激神经细胞再生和调节炎症反应。此外,许多分子包括热休克蛋白、神经营养因子、沉默调节蛋白1(SIRT1)等均参与了限制饮食对机体的保护作用。鉴于完全和长时间的限制饮食在人类实施的困难性,一些限制饮食模型的替代物开始被大家所重视。本文也对限制饮食模型的替代物的研究进行了分析和探讨。 相似文献
10.
Effect of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on proliferation and differentiation of promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Finstad HS; Kolset SO; Holme JA; Wiger R; Farrants AK; Blomhoff R; Drevon CA 《Blood》1994,84(11):3799-3809
Promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells were incubated with different fatty acids. Arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4, n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5, n-3) were the most potent inhibitors of proliferation in a dose- dependent way. Retinoic acid (RA) was used as a positive control. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase or addition of antioxidants did not influence the effect of EPA or AA on cell proliferation. Increased capacity to generate superoxide anions after phorbol ester treatment and a reduced serglycin messenger RNA level in cells treated with AA or EPA indicated that these fatty acids induced differentiation in HL-60 cells similar to that induced by RA. However, down-regulation of the c-myc mRNA level, also typical for differentiation with RA in HL-60 cells, was not observed in cells incubated with AA or EPA. Flow cytometric analyses showed that in cultures incubated with AA or EPA, the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle increased. Similar effects were observed with RA. By flow cytometry and light scatter analyses it could be shown that AA made 8% of the cells apoptotic and 7% necrotic. The corresponding numbers were 21% and 10% for RA-treated cells, and 19% and 32% for EPA- treated cells. The present study shows that AA and EPA reduce the proliferation rate of HL-60 cells. This is mediated by mechanisms independent of eicosanoids or lipid peroxidation products and is due to effects both on apoptosis/necrosis and cell differentiation. 相似文献