顺铂聚乳酸微球的药物释放特性及肝动脉栓塞研究

对顺铂聚乳酸微球进行了体外药物释放和家犬肝动脉栓塞研究。该微球粒径范围为50～200μm,平均粒径为115.76±35.94μm,顺铂含量为37.16%(W/W);体外药物释放机制符合Higuchi方程;肝动脉栓塞后8h,肝组织顺铂浓度高达21.55±12.18μg/g,明显高于肝动脉灌注顺铂组:3.16±0.09μg/g(P<0.05);肝动脉栓塞组的顺铂血浓峰值、各取血点浓度及曲线下面积AUC皆低于肝动脉灌注顺铂组。可望达到提高栓塞部位的药物疗效,降低全身毒副反应的作用。     

Human factors in chemical containment laboratory design

A human factors engineering analysis of a chemical containment laboratory was performed to develop appropriate standards for future laboratory design. In order to perform this evaluation, a state-of-the-art facility was studied in depth. Measurements and observations were made of key operating areas. In addition, technicians were observed and interviewed as they performed various tasks. Compiled data were compared to existing ergonomic standards. The occupational implications of instituting ergonomically developed laboratory design standards are as follows: increased worker health, safety and productivity, improved work quality and reduced stress.     

Loss of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 protein expression predicts reduced disease-free survival in subsets of breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the effect of loss of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) protein expression on disease-free survival in breast cancer patients stratified by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or HER2 status, and to determine whether loss of BRMS1 protein expression correlated with genomic copy number changes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A tissue microarray immunohistochemical analysis was done on tumors of 238 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients who underwent surgery at the Cleveland Clinic between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 1996, and a comparison was made with 5-year clinical follow-up data. Genomic copy number changes were determined by array-based comparative genomic hybridization in 47 breast cancer cases from this population and compared with BRMS1 staining. RESULTS: BRMS1 protein expression was lost in nearly 25% of cases. Patients with tumors that were PR negative (P=0.006) or HER2 positive (P=0.039) and <50 years old at diagnosis (P=0.02) were more likely to be BRMS1 negative. No overall correlation between BRMS1 staining and disease-free survival was observed. A significant correlation, however, was seen between loss of BRMS1 protein expression and reduced disease-free survival when stratified by either loss of ER (P=0.008) or PR (P=0.029) or HER2 overexpression (P=0.026). Overall, there was poor correlation between BRMS1 protein staining and copy number status. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a mechanistic relationship between BRMS1 expression, hormone receptor status, and HER2 growth factor. BRMS1 staining could potentially be used in patient stratification in conjunction with other prognostic markers. Further, mechanisms other than genomic deletion account for loss of BRMS1 gene expression in breast tumors.     

Antibiotic compared with antiseptic prophylaxis for prostatic surgery

Two different regimens of cephalosporin antibiotic prophylaxis were compared with antiseptic lubricating jelly to try to prevent infection and complications in 196 men after prostatic surgery. Pre-operative urine was cultured and prostatic chips (170 cases) were also cultured to define the source of any infection. The use of antibiotics was associated with a reduced risk of postoperative bacteriuria. No serious complications occurred, although 1 patient in the antiseptic treated group developed rigors; 79 of 170 patients (46%) had positive prostatic chip cultures, of whom 74 had sterile pre-operative urine. There was no association between the result of chip culture and the presence of a pre-operative catheter. Culture positive patients had an increased risk of post-operative urine infection, although the same organism was found in the prostate and urine in only 36% of cases of post-operative bacteriuria and in 43 (54%) the organism cultured from the prostate was Staphylococcus albus. This study provides further evidence of the benefit of true prophylactic antibiotic therapy for transurethral prostatic surgery and the prostatic chip data suggest that some of the risk is due to pre-operative contamination of the prostate in the absence of per-operative urinary infection or catheterisation.     

Rehabilitation status in multiple handicap.

The Edinburgh Rehabilitation Status Scale (ERSS) was applied to 129 attenders at a day center for physical disability. All of the attenders had significant neurological impairment dating from birth or from infancy. Fifty-nine of the subjects (46%) had been diagnosed on conventional grounds as having mental handicap as well as physical disability. ERSS scores were compared with Barthel Index scores in all subjects and with PULSES profile in 50 subjects (27 physical disability alone, 23 combined with mental handicap). The ERSS scores clearly demonstrated significant differences in the level of disablement between the two groups in all four subscales as well as in total scores; the Barthel scores showed differences in self-care and total scores, and, to a lesser extent, in mobility. PULSES failed to differentiate the groups except in one of its subscales. The ERSS is a sensitive index of overall function and is useful in highlighting the additive effect of mental handicap and physical disability, a difference which may not be apparent when other assessment scales are used.     

Digital radiography of subtle pulmonary abnormalities: an ROC study of the effect of pixel size on observer performance

Forty conventional radiographs with examples of mild interstitial infiltrates and subtle pneumothoraces and 40 normal studies of the chest were selected and digitized, with pixel sizes of 1.0, 0.5, 0.2, and 0.1 mm. Observer performance tests were carried out using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Conventional radiographs and digitized images were compared. The results indicate that, in such cases, diagnostic accuracy increases significantly as the pixel size is reduced, at least to the 0.1-mm level. We conclude that, for digital systems using screen-film or similar image receptors, use of a pixel size substantially larger than 0.1 mm may result in some loss of diagnostic accuracy.     

British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society

BACKGROUND: Mortality due to cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) is increasing, particularly in the elderly. Optimum management remains uncertain and previous studies of the disease have largely been from specialist centres. A national study was carried out of the presentation and initial management of CFA in the UK. METHODS: All respiratory physicians in England, Scotland and Wales were invited to enter patients with newly diagnosed CFA over a two year period. CFA was diagnosed on histological grounds or according to clinical criteria which included the absence of a defined connective tissue disorder or pneumoconiosis. Participating physicians (n = 150) completed a questionnaire at patient entry and at all subsequent follow up visits and death. RESULTS: A total of 588 patients (373 men, 63%) were studied of whom 441 (75%) were referrals from primary care. Their mean (SD) age was 67.4 (10.0) years and median duration of symptoms at presentation was 9.0 months. Clubbing was more common in men (203/373; 54%) than in women (86/ 215; 40%); 209 patients (36%) were graded as severely breathless at presentation. A history of dust exposure (organic or inorganic) was present in 274 patients (47%) of whom 87 had had some exposure to asbestos. Subjects exposed to dust were more likely to have smoked and had slightly higher mean lung volumes, but were otherwise indistinguishable from those not exposed in terms of clinical presentation, management, and outcome. Transbronchial biopsy specimens were taken in 164 patients (28%) and open lung biopsy specimens in 73 (12%), but 60% had no histological diagnostic procedure. Biopsy procedures were more likely to be performed in younger patients, those with better lung function, and those with a history of asbestos exposure. At presentation a decision not to initiate specific treatment was made in 284 cases (48%). The decision to initiate treatment was made predominantly on symptomatic grounds. Two years after the close of entry to the study 266 patients (45%) had died. CONCLUSIONS: CFA is predominantly a disease of elderly patients and has a poor prognosis. Physicians generally considered CFA to be a clinical diagnosis and did not initiate treatment in up to half of patients at presentation.