Economies of scale, physician volume for urology patients, and DRG prospective hospital payment system

Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) hospital payment has begun to squeeze hospitals financially and is likely to do so in the future. This study analyzed the relationship between the volume of urologic procedures by an individual urologist, hospital costs per patient, and outcome. We used a three-year DRG database of urology patients (N = 2,980) at an academic medical center to analyze these. Low-volume urologists (arbitrarily defined by us) had higher hospital costs per patient, financial losses versus profits under DRGs, and a poorer outcome when compared with high-volume urologists. Pearson correlation showed a positive relationship between cost per patient and physician volume for nonemergency patients (-0.129, p less than 0.0001) and emergency patients (-0.368, p less than 0.0001). This may have been explained (in part) by a greater severity of illness for patients of low-volume urologists. These findings suggest, however, that the volume of urologic procedures per urologist may be related to hospital resource consumption. The health care financing environment of the future should provide substantial interest in this finding for those involved in the consumption of urologic services.     

神经生长因子对小鼠突触体内Ca^2＋水平的调节作用

观察了多次海马内微注射ＮＧＦ对小鼠突触体内游离钙水平的影响，并在离体情况下观察ＮＧＦ对ＥＧＴＡ和ＣａＣｌ２分别造成突触体内低钙和高钙状态的调节作用。结果如下：（１）在体实验表明，一定剂量的ＮＧＦ可显著降低老年小鼠海马突触体内游离钙水平（Ｐ＜００５）；（２）离体实验表明，当突触体游离钙水平降低时，适当剂量的ＮＧＦ具有升高游离钙水平的作用；而突触体内游离钙水平升高时，则ＮＧＦ有降低游离钙水平的作用。提示ＮＧＦ对游离钙水平的双向调节作用可能是ＮＧＦ改善老年性记忆衰退的作用机制。     

Piezo-electric lithotripsy technic with echographic guidance (EDAP LT 01)

Piezo-electric extracorporeal lithotripsy with ultrasonographic detection is performed with the following material according to the following technique: 1) A mobile firing head connected to the lumbar region by a simple inflatable cushion filled with sterile water. At the centre of the firing head, a 5 MHz real time transducer is used to locate the stone. 320 piezo-electric elements, arranged around the transducer, can induce, when focussed, a pressure of about 900 bars at the focal point in vitro. The focus is 15 mm X 5 mm. The generators are electronic. 2) The technique requires: understanding of ultrasonography in order to precisely locate the stone which, when it is intrarenal, is only missed in 1% of cases in our experience. Stones of the iliac ureter are not visible. Treatment requires the patient's confidence so that, due to the quality of the piezo-electric wave, no anaesthesia is necessary. The firing time should be relatively long (45 min to 1 hr) in order to ensure good fragmentation. 26% of patients require retreatment. Secondary complications are rare (3% of endoscopic treatments). The technique is now proposed in 90% of cases without admission to hospital. The simplicity of the manipulation of the apparatus must not mask the fact that it is a technique which requires perfect mastery. Only urologists familiar with stone pathology and who are able to treat the complications of lithotripsy by endoscopy or by surgery should perform extracorporeal lithotripsy.     

Extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy by ultra-short waves using the EDAP LT01 device

Three hundred and sixty one extracorporeal lithotripsies for renal, ureteric and bladder stones have been performed by means of a system of ultrasonographic detection and piezoelectric destruction (EDAP LT01). The localisation of the stone is achieved by a 5 MHz real time sectorial transducer situated in the centre of a small dish containing 320 piezoelectric elements concentrated in a source 5 mm wide by 15 mm high. The pressure recorded in vitro is 900 bars. The stone is easily detected in 87.2% of cases, difficult to detect in 10% of cases and impossible to detect in 28% of cases. By using a frequency of 1.25 to 5 per second, extracorporeal lithotripsy can be performed without any local, regional or general anaesthesia and without premedication in the 120 patients with a renal stone, reviewed between 1 and 3 months, 88 (73%) were considered to be complete successes. Ten (8%) were considered to be failures and 19 (21%) were considered to be partial successes. The best results were obtained in stones of the renal pelvis less than 20 mm in diameter. These results relate to a mean series which must take into account the successive improvements made to the lithotripter. Today, stone fragmentation is obtained in 93% of cases. Thirty six stones of the lumber and pelvic ureter were treated with success rates of 93% and 50%, respectively. Six bladder calculi were treated with a 50% success rate. Forty two patients were treated without being admitted to hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

SMI-32 immunoreactivity in human striate cortex during postnatal development.

SMI-32, an antibody which recognizes the non-phosphorylated epitopes on the neurofilament proteins was used to study the morphological changes in the human striate cortex during postnatal development. Striate cortices from 12 autopsied patients with ages ranging from 1 day to 70 years were obtained. Using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method, the first SMI-32 immunoreactive neurons were identified at sublayers Vb/VIa on the first postnatal day. At 5 months, the next group of neurons to develop immunoreactivity were in IVb. By 15 months, SMI-32 immunoreactive neurons were observed at III, IVa, IVb, V and VI. The changes in SMI-32 immunoreactivity (ir) were stabilized from 3 years and after. The SMI-32 ir in the striate cortex could be a useful morphological correlate for studying developmental diseases affecting the neocortex.     

Assessment of genetic and nongenetic influences on pulmonary function. A twin study

To better understand the extent to which familial similarities in pulmonary function (PF) are attributable to genetic rather than to shared environmental influences, we studied the twinship aggregation of PF in 256 monozygotic (MZ) and 158 dizygotic (DZ) adult twin members of the Greater Boston Twin Registry. Genetic influences on various spirometric measures were estimated with twinship intrapair correlations adjusted using a regression model to control for similarities in the anthropomorphic characteristics of twins, and for the effects of a number of environmental factors that included childhood respiratory illness, occupational dust exposure, and smoking history. A significant influence of smoking on all air-flow measures was observed in this population for whom genetic similarities were adjusted. However, highly significant adjusted intrapair correlations for all spirometric measures, ranging from 0.52 to 0.76, were observed for the MZ twins. The intrapair correlations for the DZ twins were approximately one-half the magnitude of those for the MZ twins. These data suggest that a large proportion of the measured variability in PF may be accounted for by genetic influences other than those associated with body size.     

Effect of linoleic and oleic acids on blood pressure, blood viscosity, and erythrocyte cation transport

It has been proposed that dietary linoleic acid lowers blood pressure (BP) by being converted to arachidonic acid and prostanoids of the two-ene series. We tested the effects of linoleic acid on plasma arachidonic acid, blood pressure, blood viscosity, and RBC cation transport. Oleic acid, the major dietary monounsaturated fat and which is not a prostanoid precursor, was used as a control. Seventeen adults consumed 23 g/d of linoleic acid or oleic acid provided by genetic variants of safflower seed, each for 4 weeks in a double-blind crossover design. Linoleic and oleic acids were enriched significantly in the plasma cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and triglycerides during the respective periods of supplementation but there was no increase in arachidonate. Mean BP was 116.1/76.8 during ingestion of oleic and 113.6/74.6 during ingestion of linoleic acid (p = 0.09 systolic, p = 0.12 diastolic). The power of the study was over 75% for detecting a significant (p less than 0.05) effect of 4 mm Hg in systolic BP or diastolic BP. Whole blood and plasma viscosity, and RBC Li/Na countertransport, Na/K cotransport, and Na pump systems (Vmax) were unchanged during the protocol. Therefore, variations in dietary linoleic or oleic acids are unlikely to have major effects on BP or on several membrane-dependent erythrocyte functions related to hypertension.     

Financial risk, hospital cost, complications and comorbidities (CCc) in non-CC stratified urology diagnostic related groups

The federal Medicare Diagnosis Related Group payment mechanism is undergoing constant change. Significant interest has been generated at the health policy level regarding reimbursement for patients with complications and comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to analyze hospital resource consumption for patients in the seventeen urology non-complicating condition (CC) stratified Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs), currently 45 percent of urology DRGs. We analyzed 185 Medicare patients in these non-CC stratified urology DRGs and found that patients with more CCs per patient had higher total hospital costs per patient, financial risk under DRGs, a greater percentage of outliers, and a higher mortality, than patients in these same DRGs with fewer CCs per patient. These findings suggest that the current DRG system is inequitable to some patients and certain hospitals vis-a-vis non-CC stratified urology DRGs. The Health Care Financing Administration has not significantly changed the complicating condition urology DRG classification, as of its recent May, 1988 legislation. Financial disincentives to treat these patients may affect both their access and quality of care in the future.