Inhibition of cell survival, viability and proliferation by dentin adhesives after direct and indirect exposure in vitro

Objectives

The influence of dentin adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, XP Bond, Xeno V, Clearfil Protect Bond, AdheSE) on cell survival, viability and proliferation was characterized after direct and indirect exposure using different cell culture techniques.

Materials and methods

The primers and cured bonding parts were directly exposed to cells using cell culture inserts, and complete materials were analyzed in a dentin barrier test. Cell responses were examined in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts after 24- and 72-h exposure periods by the estimation of total cell numbers (survival), apoptosis (viability) and cell proliferation.

Results

Cell numbers were effectively reduced by the primers of AdheSE, Protect Bond, and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose as well as XP bond after direct exposure in a cell culture insert test device. Likewise, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose primer induced a rate of apoptosis (93.9%) even higher than detected with Protect Bond primer (91.6%). Cell proliferation was entirely inhibited by primers and by Xp Bond as well. The Scotchbond Multi-Purpose was most cytotoxic in a dentin barrier test device after a 24-h indirect exposure. It also increased the percentage of cells in apoptosis to 15.4% compared to untreated controls.

Conclusion

Unpolymerized primers of dentin adhesives were more cytotoxic than polymerized bonding counterparts. Moreover, total etch dentin adhesives were more cytotoxic than self-etch adhesives.

Clinical relevance

When dentin adhesives are used in deep cavities without a protective dentin barrier the leachable hydrophobic and hydrophilic component of dentin adhesive systems can penetrate to the pulp and may induce cytotoxic responses in pulp tissues.     

Diet-derived nutrients modulate the effects of amylin on c-Fos expression in the area postrema and on food intake

The pancreatic hormone amylin decreases food intake via activation of area postrema (AP) neurons. We investigated whether amylin's potency to reduce food intake and to induce c-Fos expression in the AP/nucleus of the solitary tract region is affected by the feeding conditions and specifically by the macronutrient composition of the diet. Whereas a low dose of amylin (5 microg/kg s.c.) induced very little c-Fos expression in ad libitum chow fed rats, it caused a strong c-Fos expression in 24-hour food-deprived rats and in rats that received a nutrient-deficient non-caloric mash (NCM; vanilla-flavoured cellulose) 24 h before injection. To reveal the contribution of single nutrients to the low c-Fos expression after chow feeding, amylin-induced c-Fos was analyzed after feeding NCM that was selectively supplemented with glucose, fat (lard), or protein (casein), matching the intake of these nutrients of chow-fed rats. While the rats fed NCM supplemented with glucose or fat displayed an equally strong amylin-induced activation as fasted rats or rats fed plain NCM, a significantly lower c-Fos expression was observed in rats fed a protein-supplemented NCM or a NCM containing all three nutrients. In line with this lower activation, the same dose of amylin failed to reduce food intake in NCM/protein-fed rats, while amylin caused a reduction in feeding when animals received NCM, NCM/glucose, or NCM/fat. Interestingly, amylin effectively reduced food intake in ad libitum chow fed rats despite the low level of amylin-induced c-Fos expression in the AP under these conditions. We conclude that the anorectic potential of amylin may be attenuated by diet-derived proteins, whereas this effect appears to be overridden when the amount of carbohydrates/fat is high relative to the protein content, such as, e.g., in standard chow.     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with adalimumab

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of infection as a result of alterations in immune regulation, debility, and comorbid illnesses. TNF-alpha is of central importance in the pathophysiological responses to infection and inflammation, and plays a crucial role in host defence. Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen that commonly affects individuals with inadequate T-cell mediated immune response. Patients with acquired immune deficiency, as well as those receiving immunosuppressive drugs for various conditions have an increased risk of P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). We report the development of PCP in a woman with RA shortly after the initiation of anti-TNF-alpha treatment with adalimumab.     

Comparison of Some Soil Fungi in Bioremediation of Herbicide Acetochlor Under Agitated Culture Media

In this study, we aimed to find out the biodegradation efficiency of some soil fungi types on herbicide acetochlor with acetochlor active material, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and total organic carbon (TOC) parameters. We also try to determine the population dynamics of these fungi via turbidity. The fungi cultures were isolated from agricultural field in in Thrace region of Turkey. Each fungi enriched in malt extract broth media and 1 mL of these enriched media was inoculated into 100 mL of acetochlor solutions that suggested for using application concantrations in agricultural field for farmers (11000 mg L^?1) for sunflower and corn agriculture. Bioremediation results of acetochlor have shown different results according to the types of fungi. Our results indicate that Tolypocladium geodes and Cordyceps cicadae might be used in acetochlor bioremediation with a significant acetochlor, COD, TOC and BOD₅ reduction and can be used for rehabilitation of agricultural fields or receiving environments for removal the opposite effects of acetochlor or other herbicides.     

Compartment-specific remodeling of splenic micro-architecture during experimental visceral leishmaniasis

Progressive splenomegaly is a hallmark of visceral leishmaniasis in humans, canids, and rodents. In experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis, splenomegaly is accompanied by pronounced changes in microarchitecture, including expansion of the red pulp vascular system, neovascularization of the white pulp, and remodeling of the stromal cell populations that define the B-cell and T-cell compartments. Here, we show that Ly6C/G(+) (Gr-1(+)) cells, including neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, accumulate in the splenic red pulp during infection. Cell depletion using monoclonal antibody against either Ly6C/G(+) (Gr-1; RB6) or Ly6G(+) (1A8) cells increased parasite burden. In contrast, depletion of Ly6C/G(+) cells, but not Ly6G(+) cells, halted the progressive remodeling of Meca-32(+) and CD31(+) red pulp vasculature. Strikingly, neither treatment affected white pulp neovascularization or the remodeling of the fibroblastic reticular cell and follicular dendritic cell networks. These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized compartment-dependent selectivity to the process of splenic vascular remodeling during experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis, attributable to Ly6C(+) inflammatory monocytes.     

Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body fatness in childhood congenital adrenal hyperplasia and its metabolic correlates

There is a tendency to adiposity in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) despite physiological corticosteroid doses. This study investigated body fatness in children with CAH under corticosteroid replacement therapy. Seventeen children with CAH (female:male, 9:8; age range 1.6–10.5 years) and 18 controls (female:male, 9:9; age range 1.4–10.2 years) were studied. Serum lipids, leptin, insulin, anthropometry, body circumferences, skinfold thickness, and body fat ratio as measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were the study parameters. Weight standard deviation scores (SDS), body mass index (BMI), BMI–SDS, body circumferences, skinfold thickness, and body fat ratio were higher and leptin was positively correlated with all of the body circumference and skinfold thickness parameters as well as body fat ratio in the study group. Waist/hip ratio was lower in the study group. Body fatness is a serious problem starting in early childhood in CAH patients and further refinement of the glucocorticoid replacement regimens as well as lifestyle measures are needed.     

Notalgia paresthetica with a significant increase in the number of intradermal nerves

Notalgia paresthetica is an isolated mononeuropathy involving the skin over or near the scapula. The cause remains unknown. We histologically observed a significant increase in the number of dermal nerves in a case of notalgia paresthetica. Immunohistochemical examination using a neural marker, S-100, positively stained the nerves. Interestingly, a biopsy from perilesional skin also showed an abnormal nerve proliferation.     

Serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, insulin, thyroid hormones and cortisol in prepubertal children with iron deficiency

The aim of the present study is to investigate possible alterations in ghrelin and other hormone levels related to appetite and somatic growth in children with iron deficiency anemia. Twenty-five patients and 25 healthy controls that were prepubertal and within normal limits regarding height and BMI standard deviation scores were recruited. Ghrelin, leptin, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, insulin, thyroid hormones and cortisol levels were studied. Ghrelin, insulin and IGF-I levels were significantly low in the study group (ghrelin 13.58 +/- 16.32 vs. 35.39 +/- 23.69 ng/ml, p<.001; insulin 3.41 +/- 2.42 vs. 5.67 +/- 1.09 mU/ml, p = .008 and IGF-I 126.94 +/- 92.82 vs. 203 +/- 105.1 ng/ml, p = .015). We concluded that low ghrelin and insulin levels might be causes of the appetite loss in iron deficiency and as a result of appetite loss and undernutrition as well as by direct effects they might be related with growth retardation, which could be also influenced by low IGF-I levels.     

Infection with Fasciola hepatica

Fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, is an infection that occurs worldwide, although humans are accidental hosts. F. hepatica infection comprises two stages, hepatic and biliary, with different signs and symptoms. Stool examination and ELISA can be used for the initial diagnosis. Radiographic techniques, such as computerised tomography and ultrasonography, as well as magnetic resonance imaging, are used widely for confirmation and follow-up of the disease. Invasive techniques, such as percutaneous cholangiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and liver biopsy, may aid in the diagnosis but are not essential. Triclabendazole is recommended as the first-line agent for the treatment of F. hepatica infection, with bithionol as an alternative.