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1.
TNF- and IL-1 promote leukocyte recruitment to arthritic joints and may contribute to cartilage degradation while regulatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-1RA may in part determine the course of arthritis. Here we report the pattern of TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IFN-, IL-1RA, and IL-4 mRNA expression, detected by RT/PCR, in the talar joint and draining popliteal lymph node (PLN) of rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA). Levels of TNF- and IFN- mRNA were increased in the PLN before clinical signs of arthritis. This was followed by increases in IL-1 and IL-1RA mRNA at d9 and IL-6 mRNA at d12. PLN IL-1RA mRNA levels were positively correlated with those of IL-1 and TNF- throughout d5-d20. IL-4 mRNA levels were highest on days 7 and 20. In the synovium, a small increase in TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 mRNA was detected on d5 then again on d12. Maximal synovial TNF- levels were reached on d20, while IL-1 peak expression was on d16 and IL-6 on d14. IL-4, IL-1RA, and IFN- mRNA was undetectable in the synovium. Cyclosporin treatment for 4 days, initiated at the height of arthritis, rapidly decreased clinical disease, and decreased migration of neutrophils and T lymphocytes into the joints. Yet no significant effect of CyA was observed on inflammatory cytokine expression, although the correlation between PLN IL-1RA and IL-1 or TNF- was lost in treated animals. Thus there is a variable pattern of cytokine gene expression in rat AA, the undetectable IL-4 and IFN- mRNA in synovium being analogous to human rheumatoid arthritis. 相似文献
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This patient had tuberculous pericarditis with cardiac constriction, plus bilateral tuberculous pleurisy. Pericardiectomy served to relieve the cardiac tamponade. He then developed an extreme limitation of his respiratory excursion, which apparently led to his death. Autopsy revealed an actively tuberculous constrictive thickening of the pericardium covering the heart, and a similar limiting structure completely encompassing the lungs. 相似文献
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Measures of Functioning in Patients With Episodic Migraine: Findings From a Double‐Blind,Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Phase 2b Trial With Galcanezumab
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David W. Ayer PhD Vladimir Skljarevski MD Janet H. Ford PhD Allen W. Nyhuis MS Richard B. Lipton MD Sheena K. Aurora MD 《Headache》2018,58(8):1225-1235
Objective – To evaluate 12‐week changes from baseline of 2 disease‐specific patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measures in adults with migraine treated with galcanezumab, an investigational humanized antibody binding calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), or placebo. Background – Preventing headache‐related functional impairment is an important goal of migraine preventive treatment and a measurement target for PROs. Understanding which drugs have the potential to improve patient functioning in addition to preventing migraine headaches is vital to lessening patient burden. Design/Methods – This Phase 2b double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study enrolled adults with episodic migraine. Galcanezumab (120 mg subcutaneous injection; n = 60) or placebo (n = 127) was administered every 28 days for 12 weeks. Post hoc secondary analyses were conducted for those who completed 12 weeks of treatment on 2 PROs: The Migraine‐Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ) v2.1 and the Headache Impact Test? (HIT‐6). Results – Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences in least square mean changes from baseline between galcanezumab and placebo for all MSQ domains including total mean change placebo of 18.63, galcanezumab of 27.36 (95% CI 2.449, 15.008; P‐value of .0067); Role Function‐Restrictive mean change placebo of 22.40, galcanezumab of 31.92 (95% CI 2.636, 16.518; P‐value of .0071); Role Function‐Preventive mean change placebo of 13.43, galcanezumab of 19.76 (95% CI 0.476, 12.185; P‐value of .0342); and Emotional Function mean change placebo of 16.88, galcanezumab of 26.61 (95% CI 2.789, 16.674; P‐value of .0063). At baseline, mean number of migraine headache days (MHDs) did not correlate with MSQ total scores or HIT‐6. At 12 weeks post‐treatment, MHD correlated with MSQ and HIT‐6 scores (all P < .0001). Change in MHD was associated with change in MSQ domains and change in HIT‐6 scores (all P < .0001). Conclusions – In comparison with placebo, treatment with galcanezumab was associated with significant functional improvements as reflected by changes in MSQ scores. Change in MHD was associated with improvements in MSQ and reductions in HIT‐6 scores, indicating the clinical importance of these changes in relation to PROs that measure function. 相似文献
6.
Barton B Ayer G Maughan DW Vigoreaux JO 《Journal of muscle research and cell motility》2007,28(4-5):219-230
Flightin is a myosin rod binding protein that in Drosophila melanogaster is expressed exclusively in the asynchronous indirect flight muscles (IFM). Hyperphosphorylation of flightin coincides with
the completion of myofibril assembly and precedes the emergence of flight competency in young adults. To investigate the role
of flightin phosphorylation in vivo we generated three flightin null (fln
0
) Drosophila strains that express a mutant flightin transgene with two (Thr158, Ser 162), three (Ser139, Ser141, Ser145) or all five potential
phosphorylation sites mutated to alanines. These amino acid substitutions result in lower than normal levels of flightin accumulation
and transgenic strains that are unable to beat their wings. On two dimensional gels of IFM proteins, the transgenic strain
with five mutant sites (fln
5STA
) is devoid of all phosphovariants, the transgenic strain with two mutant sites (fln
2TSA
) expresses only the two least acidic of the nine phosphovariants, and the transgenic strain with three mutant sites (fln
3SA
) expresses all nine phosphovariants, as the wild-type strain. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Thr158 and/or
Ser162 is necessary for subsequent phosphorylation of other sites. All three transgenic strains show normal, albeit long,
IFM sarcomeres in newly eclosed adults. In contrast, sarcomeres in fully mature fln
5STA
and fln
2TSA
adults show extensive breakdown while those in fln
3SA
are not as disordered. The fiber hypercontraction phenotype that characterizes fln
0
is fully evident in fln
5STA
and fln
2TSA
but partially rescued in fln
3SA
. Mechanics on skinned fibers from newly eclosed flies show alterations in viscous modulus for fln
5STA
and fln
2TSA
that result in a significant reduction in oscillatory power output. Expression of fln
5STA
and fln
2TSA
, but not fln
3SA
, in a wild-type (fln
+
/fln
+
) background resulted in a dominant negative effect manifested as flight impairments and hypercontracted IFM fibers. Our studies
indicate that Thr158 and/or Ser162 are (is) indispensable for flightin function and suggest that phosphorylation of one or
both residues fulfills an essential role in IFM structural stability and mechanics. 相似文献
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