全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3434篇 |
免费 | 232篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 87篇 |
儿科学 | 89篇 |
妇产科学 | 33篇 |
基础医学 | 459篇 |
口腔科学 | 40篇 |
临床医学 | 332篇 |
内科学 | 473篇 |
皮肤病学 | 93篇 |
神经病学 | 588篇 |
特种医学 | 99篇 |
外科学 | 606篇 |
综合类 | 36篇 |
一般理论 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 168篇 |
眼科学 | 166篇 |
药学 | 193篇 |
肿瘤学 | 206篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 17篇 |
2022年 | 16篇 |
2021年 | 47篇 |
2020年 | 25篇 |
2019年 | 41篇 |
2018年 | 60篇 |
2017年 | 50篇 |
2016年 | 67篇 |
2015年 | 78篇 |
2014年 | 91篇 |
2013年 | 90篇 |
2012年 | 172篇 |
2011年 | 162篇 |
2010年 | 108篇 |
2009年 | 86篇 |
2008年 | 180篇 |
2007年 | 162篇 |
2006年 | 159篇 |
2005年 | 172篇 |
2004年 | 166篇 |
2003年 | 145篇 |
2002年 | 140篇 |
2001年 | 121篇 |
2000年 | 121篇 |
1999年 | 114篇 |
1998年 | 53篇 |
1997年 | 54篇 |
1996年 | 43篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 35篇 |
1993年 | 26篇 |
1992年 | 54篇 |
1991年 | 58篇 |
1990年 | 42篇 |
1989年 | 49篇 |
1988年 | 58篇 |
1987年 | 41篇 |
1986年 | 48篇 |
1985年 | 46篇 |
1984年 | 19篇 |
1983年 | 23篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 18篇 |
1977年 | 22篇 |
1970年 | 15篇 |
1968年 | 14篇 |
1967年 | 16篇 |
1954年 | 14篇 |
1914年 | 16篇 |
1913年 | 25篇 |
排序方式: 共有3670条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Laparoscopic surgery has several advantages over traditional surgery because it has been shown to be less invasive. The next logical step in the evolution of minimally invasive surgery may be to eliminate all abdominal incisions. The natural orifices provide a port of entry via the gastrointestinal tract to the peritoneal cavity. This approach would require the creation of a perforation, which is considered to be a major complication of endoscopy with significant morbidity and mortality. However, there are several recent studies that have described the technical feasibility and safety of a per‐oral transgastric approach to the peritoneal cavity using conventional endoscopes. Theoretically, this approach could reduce postoperative abdominal wall pain, wound infection, hernia formation, and adhesions. This article aims to summarize the current status of transgastric surgery, currently referred to as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), and to address some of its future challenges. 相似文献
2.
J.L. Bernat A.M. D'Alessandro F.K. Port T.P. Bleck S.O. Heard J. Medina S.H. Rosenbaum M.A. DeVita R.S. Gaston R.M. Merion M.L. Barr W.H. Marks H. Nathan K. O'Connor D.L. Rudow A.B. Leichtman P. Schwab N.L. Ascher R.A. Metzger V. Mc Bride W. Graham D. Wagner J. Warren F.L. Delmonico 《American journal of transplantation》2006,6(2):281-291
A national conference on organ donation after cardiac death (DCD) was convened to expand the practice of DCD in the continuum of quality end-of-life care. This national conference affirmed the ethical propriety of DCD as not violating the dead donor rule. Further, by new developments not previously reported, the conference resolved controversy regarding the period of circulatory cessation that determines death and allows administration of pre-recovery pharmacologic agents, it established conditions of DCD eligibility, it presented current data regarding the successful transplantation of organs from DCD, it proposed a new framework of data reporting regarding ischemic events, it made specific recommendations to agencies and organizations to remove barriers to DCD, it brought guidance regarding organ allocation and the process of informed consent and it set an action plan to address media issues. When a consensual decision is made to withdraw life support by the attending physician and patient or by the attending physician and a family member or surrogate (particularly in an intensive care unit), a routine opportunity for DCD should be available to honor the deceased donor's wishes in every donor service area (DSA) of the United States. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dr. R. Schwab C. Schneider K. Junge M. Stumpf H. P. Becker V. Schumpelick 《Der Chirurg》2004,75(2):200-205
The solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a very rare and usually benign neoplasm. This tumor is mostly located in the thoracic cavity, but it has also been reported in numerous sites including liver, skin, and meninges. Due to its rarity diagnosis is often difficult. Accordingly, histopathological differentiation is of major importance. Solitary fibrous tumors consistently express CD 34 and react negatively to epithelial markers. This absence of expression of epithelial markers, especially cytokeratin, is also useful to distinguish these rare entities from sarcomatous mesotheliomas. The treatment of choice for solitary fibrous tumors is extensive surgical resection. Up to now there is no evidence that radiation and chemotherapy are effective. The local recurrence or onset of metastases depends on histologic parameters. In cases of benign classification (60-80%), the recurrence rate was only 2% after surgical excision. One-half of the patients with malignant tumors can be cured; the rest develop recurrences and metastases more often. Especially in those cases, emphasis should be placed on continual follow-up examination. We report two cases of a 65- and a 75-year-old male patient with huge intrathoracic solitary fibrous subpleural tumors, discovered incidentally on routine chest X-ray. 相似文献
7.
Scott A. Syverud MD J. Matthew Jenkins MD Robert A. Schwab MD Michael T. Lynch MD Kevin Knoop MD Alexander Trott MD 《Academic emergency medicine》1994,1(6):509-513
Objective: Mental nerve block is frequently used to aid repair of facial lacerations; both percutaneous and intraoral approaches to blocking this nerve are used, but have never been compared. The authors compared the two techniques for pain of administration and effectiveness of anesthesia. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blind, crossover study was conducted using ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 33 years. Patients having prior experience with mental nerve blocks, lidocaine allergy, active oral/facial infection, or previous facial fractures were excluded. Bilateral mental nerve blocks were done using intraoral technique on one side and percutaneous technique on the other. Both techniques were used by the same investigator and were carried out with 27-gauge needles and 2.5 mL of 2% buffered lidocaine at room temperature injected over 20 seconds. The oral mucosa was topically anesthetized with viscous lidocaine for 1 minute prior to intraoral injection. The orders of the blocks and sides of the face anesthetized were randomized. Subjective and objective pain (visual-analog scale), efficacy (anesthesia of lower lip), time to onset, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated. Results: The intraoral technique was subjectively less painful than the percutaneous approach in nine of ten subjects (p = 0.02). Scores on the visual-analog pain scale were significantly lower for the intraoral technique (p = 0.03). Intraoral injection produced lower-lip anesthesia in 10/10 subjects versus 7/10 for percutaneous (p = 0.25). Times to onset (approximately 1–2 minutes) and durations of anesthesia (approximately one hour) were similar for the two techniques. Conclusion: The intraoral approach to the mental nerve block with adjunctive topical anesthesia was subjectively and objectively less painful than the percutaneous approach without adjunctive anesthesia. While the intraoral approach had a greater efficacy of lower-lip anesthesia and a longer duration of action, these differences were not statistically significant. 相似文献
8.
The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on cardiac transcapillary exchange were examined at rest and during sympathetic stimulation. Multiple indicator dilution experiments were carried out in closed-chest anesthetized dogs at rest and during carotid occlusion, either under basal conditions or after beta-adrenergic blockade with alprenolol. beta-Adrenergic blockade at rest had no effect on coronary flow or transcapillary exchange in comparison with the control situation, but it abolished the increase in coronary flow and in the permeability/surface area product for labeled sucrose produced by carotid occlusion. High coronary resistance values in beta-blocked animals with carotid occlusion were associated with a high degree of heterogeneity in capillary transit times, but the overall relation between coronary flow and the capillary permeability/surface area product was unchanged. The findings indicate that beta-blockade increases coronary resistance during sympathetic stimulation and, simultaneously, decreases the coronary blood flow and capillary permeability/surface area product while increasing the heterogeneity of capillary transit times. 相似文献
9.
Jerrold S Petrofsky Ernie Schwab Takkin Lo Maria Cuneo Daryl Lawson 《Medical science monitor》2007,13(11):CR498-CR504
BACKGROUND: Wounds, especially in the elderly, can be life threatening. One modality which allegedly increases blood flow (BF) as an aid to heal chronic wounds is electrical stimulation. This technique applies electrical current (ES) across wounds. However, while many studies show positive findings, others do not. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate some of this inconsistency in results by determining the effect of environmental temperature on the circulation of the skin which may negate the effects of electrical stimulation in a clinical setting. MATERIAL/METHODS: Ten people with no wounds, controls (C), and 12 people with wounds (W) were examined in a thermally neutral or cool room (20 degrees C) and a warm room (34 degrees C) to observe the effect of reducing sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity on the response to 5 and 15 mA sine wave biphasic ES delivered by 2x2 cm surface electrodes. RESULTS: C and W subjects showed a greater BF in the skin in a warm room. In group C, after 30 minutes of stimulation at a current of 15 milliamps, BF increased significantly (p<0.05) but by an average of only 4 flux in the cool room. In the warm environment, BF increased significantly (p<0.01) by 19.3+/-7 flux and increased further during the 60 minute recovery phase. In the W group, BF during ES increased much more during stimulation in a warm room compared to a cool room. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that local vasoconstriction due to exposure to a warm global temperature greatly increases the response of the skin the ES. 相似文献
10.
Die Pharmakogenetik untersucht, inwieweit genetische Polymorphismen der Proteine, die die pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Prozesse eines Arzneimittels kontrollieren, für die interindividuellen Unterschiede in Wirkung und Nebenwirkung verantwortlich sind. Im Gegensatz zur Pharmakogenetik nutzt die Pharmakogenomik einen genomweiten Ansatz zur Identifizierung von Genen bzw. Gennetzwerken, die an der Entstehung von Erkrankungen beteiligt sind bzw. als therapeutische Ziele für neue Arzneistoffe dienen können. Die zurzeit am besten charakterisierten pharmakogenetischen Polymorphismen betreffen die Arzneimittel metabolisierenden Enzyme Zytochrom-P450-2C9, -2C19 und -2D6 bzw. die Thiopurinmethyltransferase, für die in klinischen Studien relevante Konsequenzen für die Arzneimitteltherapie gezeigt werden konnten. Das ultimative Ziel pharmakogenetischer/-genomischer Forschung ist es, unter Verwendung einer neuen Krankheits- und Therapieklassifikation auf molekularer Ebene eine spezifische Arzneimitteltherapie bei genetisch definierten Untergruppen von Patienten durchzuführen. 相似文献