The introduction of a new assessment system in restorative dentistry: the undergraduate and patient experience

In 2000, the University of Bristol Dental School Division of Restorative Dentistry carried out a review of the assessment methods used within the undergraduate programme. Following this review, a number of key recommendations were made and the system of formative assessment within the division was changed. Audits were conducted immediately prior to the introduction of the new system and 2 years after it had been introduced, the results of these audits are presented. There was no change in the number of failed appointments between the initial audit and the second audit. There was a reduction in the number of patients treated by more than one student from 25% to 14% (approximating to 3% if student withdrawal from the course is taken into account). The length of time taken to complete treatment reduced between the two audits with more than half of all patients having their treatment completed within 3 months of their initial examination in the second audit. Ninety-five percent of treatment plans were completed in the second audit compared with only 62% in the first audit. In the second audit, the outstanding 5% of cases were signed off as incomplete for satisfactory reasons by the member of supervisory staff (e.g. patients who had moved away or were discharged due to poor attendance). Student comments were mostly positive, the small number of negative comments related to some students being confused by the paperwork in the new system. The overall process has been an extremely positive experience which has resulted in an assessment system with increased clarity which appears to have reduced the stress levels reported by the undergraduate students on the programme and improved the quality of patient care within restorative dentistry.     

The displaced femoral neck fracture. Internal fixation versus bipolar endoprosthesis. Results of a prospective, randomized comparison

The displaced femoral neck fracture poses difficult decision-making issues for the orthopedic surgeon. Young patients frequently require a rapid open reduction and rigid internal fixation in the face of multiple associated injuries. Elderly patients present the typical decision dilemma of internal fixation versus arthroplasty. Consecutive, randomized, prospective series of cases for evaluation of alternatives in the treatment of this difficult fracture are lacking. Between 1982 and 1984, 34 elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures were randomized to open reduction or hemiarthroplasty study groups. Although the surgical risks are relatively high, two-year observations showed better functional results in the cemented hemiarthroplasty group.     

Maculopapular eruption with enlarged macrophages in eight patients receiving G-CSF or GM-CSF

In the last years, granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) are being increasingly used and several cutaneous eruptions have been reported in relation to these treatments. In 1991 Horn et al. described three patients with maculopapular eruption that paralleled the time of infusion of GM-CSF. Two of the cases showed an increase in the number and size of macrophages in the biopsy specimen. Since then, several cases have been reported showing this histopathological alteration that has been considered characteristic of reaction to G-CSF or GM-CSF. Although maculopapular eruption with enlarged macrophages can appear after chemotherapy treatment, we have found that the presentation of this eruption after the beginning of cytokine treatment is suggestive of the involvement of G-CSF and GM-CSF in the eruption. We described eight cases of patients treated with G-CSF or GM-CSF that developed maculopapular eruptions with enlarged macrophages.     

Effects of purine analogues on spontaneous alternation in mice

The Y-maze was used to examine the effects of purines acting at A₁ and A₂ adenosine receptors upon spontaneous alternation, a model of working memory, in mice. In support of previous work, scopolamine produced a loss of spontaneous alternation behaviour to the 0.5 chance level. The A₁ receptor selective agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) did not change spontaneous alternation behaviour alone, but it prevented the decrease of spontaneous alternation scores produced by scopolamine. The A₁ receptor selective antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (CPX) blocked the effect of CPA in combination with scopolamine but had no effect alone. The A₂ receptor selective agonist (N6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl]adenosine (DPMA), and the A₂ receptor selective antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX) had no effect of alternation behaviour alone and did not modify the effect of scopolamine. The results indicate the ability of A₁ but not A₂ receptor activation to modify working memory deficits induced by scopolamine, but suggest that endogenous adenosine does not normally participate in working memory processes.