Estimation of phase signal change in neuronal current MRI for evoke response of tactile detection with realistic somatosensory laminar network model

Magnetic field generated by neuronal activity could alter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals but detection of such signal is under debate. Previous researches proposed that magnitude signal change is below current detectable level, but phase signal change (PSC) may be measurable with current MRI systems. Optimal imaging parameters like echo time, voxel size and external field direction, could increase the probability of detection of this small signal change. We simulate a voxel of cortical column to determine effect of such parameters on PSC signal. We extended a laminar network model for somatosensory cortex to find neuronal current in each segment of pyramidal neurons (PN). 60,000 PNs of simulated network were positioned randomly in a voxel. Biot–savart law applied to calculate neuronal magnetic field and additional phase. The procedure repeated for eleven neuronal arrangements in the voxel. PSC signal variation with the echo time and voxel size was assessed. The simulated results show that PSC signal increases with echo time, especially 100/80 ms after stimulus for gradient echo/spin echo sequence. It can be up to 0.1 mrad for echo time = 175 ms and voxel size = 1.48 × 1.48 × 2.18 mm³. With echo time less than 25 ms after stimulus, it was just acquired effects of physiological noise on PSC signal. The absolute value of the signal increased with decrease of voxel size, but its components had complex variation. External field orthogonal to local surface of cortex maximizes the signal. Expected PSC signal for tactile detection in the somatosensory cortex increase with echo time and have no oscillation.     

Application of disaccharides alone and in combination,for the improvement of stability and particle properties of spray-freeze dried IgG

Purpose: Spray-freeze drying (SFD) is a recently applied method to develop pharmaceutical powders. This study aimed to analyze the competence of Trehalose, Mannitol, Lactose, and Sorbitol instability and aerosolization of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) via SFD.

Methods: Induced soluble aggregates were quantified at 0 and 3?months, and 45?°C using size-exclusion chromatography. Conformation and thermogravimetric assessments were done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Laser light scattering was performed to determine the particle sizes. Aerodynamic features were characterized by twin stage impinger and scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Although sugars/polyols preferably stabilized IgG following the process, storage stabilization was achieved in Trehalose, Trehalose-Lactose, Lactose, and Trehalose-Mannitol-based powders with soluble aggregates <5%. The conformation of antibody was preserved with β sheet content from 66.28% to 76.37%. Particle sizes ranged from 5.23 to 8.12?µm. Mannitol exhibited the best aerodynamic behavior, fine particle fraction (FPF: 70%) but high degree of protein aggregation during storage.

Conclusions: SFD could favorably stabilize antibody using Trehalose and its combination with Lactose and Mannitol, and also, Lactose alone. Sorbitol disturbed IgG powder recovery. Incorporation of other types of excipient is required for efficient respiratory delivery of IgG molecules.     

Fontan completion without surgery.

OBJECTIVE: There are several modifications introduced in the preparation for a subsequent non-surgical transcatheter completion of the Fontan procedure. We report our experience with one type of the modification and the short-term results following its implementation. METHODS: During bidirectional cavopulmonary connection (BCPC) an intra-atrial lateral tunnel is additionally created, as intended for a Fontan procedure but fenestrated with a 10-14 mm aperture. The cardiac end of the superior vena cava (SVC) is then patched to maintain the physiology of BCPC. During the interventional transcatheter completion procedure, the SVC patch is perforated using radio-frequency (RF) energy, balloon-dilated, and stented as well. The aperture is closed with a device when required. Paired t-test was used to compare data before and after the Fontan completion. RESULTS: From June 2003 to February 2006, 16 patients (9 boys and 7 girls, mean age 12 months) underwent the surgical procedure described. The mean bypass time was 137 min and the mean ischemic time was 77 min. There were no operative deaths. One patient with bilateral SVC required a take down due to recurrent effusions. Ten months later, nine patients underwent completion (mean age 20 months, mean weight 10.6 kg). The stents were dilated to a mean diameter of 14.4mm. All except one aperture was closed with a device. The mean fluoroscopy time was 41 min. Oxygen saturation increased from 85 to 94% (p=0.001). Pulmonary artery pressures remained normal (16 mmHg before and 19 mmHg after, p=0.12). No patients required mechanical ventilation and none developed pleural effusions or arrhythmias. All were discharged from hospital within 6 days of the Fontan completion. Twenty-two months after Fontan, all were well. Echocardiography revealed no gradients across the stents. Two patients had minor leaks across the aperture. One underwent further stent dilatation a year later. CONCLUSIONS: Fontan completion without surgery is suitable in patients with single ventricles with lower mortality and morbidity, avoids multiple surgical interventions while maintaining the staged approach and allows for successive dilatation of the Fontan pathway to accommodate for growth.     

Xanthogranulomatous orchitis: Review of the published work and report of one case

Xanthogranulomatous orchitis is an extremely rare inflammatory non-neoplastic destructive lesion of the testis. We report a 44-year-old man who presented with right scrotal swelling and two discharging sinuses. Testicular tumor markers were normal. Scrotal ultrasound showed heterogeneous testicular areas and irregular margin of the tunica. Surgical exploration revealed infected, unhealthy testicular tissue with necrosis and tumor-like lesion. Orchidectomy was done and histopathology showed xanthogranulomatous orchitis.     

The role of HLA‐DQβ1 alleles in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis

Aim: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory erosive joint disease with the worldwide distribution of approximately 0.5–1.0%. Etiology of RA is not exactly known but immunologic and genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Genetic factors such as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are responsible for many autoimmune diseases; therefore we decided to look for a correlation between RA and the presence of HLA‐DQβ1 alleles as possible genetic markers. Methods: Genomic DNA from the whole blood samples of 25 patients with RA and 86 normal individuals as control group were extracted by salting out method. The genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific primer (PCR‐SSP) technique. HLA‐typing was done by this method after optimizing the PCR reaction for each allele. In this procedure seven serological subclasses of HLA‐DQβ1 can be detected. Results: Comparing the results between the patients and controls show a significant increase in the frequency of HLA‐DQ8 (*0302, *0305) alleles in RA patients. The P‐values were 0.007 and the relative risk for these alleles was evaluated higher than 1. Conclusions: The results suggest that DQ8 is the dominant HLA‐DQβ1 allele that is associated with susceptibility to RA in north‐eastern Iran.