脑脊液流式细胞学检测技术鉴别小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病并发中枢神经系统疾病应用价值探讨（附7例报告）

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）并发中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病时脑脊液流式细胞学（FCM）检测技术的鉴别诊断价值。方法　采用FCM技术、脑脊液常规细胞形态学、脑脊液常规和生化检测对2009年2月至2014年2月在中山大学附属第一医院（包括东院）儿科住院的7例脑脊液淋巴细胞数增多的ALL患儿脑脊液标本进行检测,并对患儿进行治疗追踪,比较FCM与传统方法在诊断ALL并脑病时的差别和准确性。结果　按照传统细胞形态学方法,2例诊断为CNS白血病（CNSL）,其余诊断不确定;依据FCM检测结果,7例患儿中诊断CNSL 4例,诊断非白血病浸润性疾病3例,通过治疗和追踪,后者确诊病毒性脑膜炎2例,反应性脑膜炎1例。确诊CNSL的4例患儿经过全身和鞘注化疗,1例因疾病进展死亡,其余3例均已获得缓解;2例病毒性脑膜炎患儿经阿昔洛韦治疗病情迅速改善;1例反应性脑膜炎患儿未经治疗,脑脊液逐步恢复正常。结论　脑脊液FCM技术敏感度高,可以提供客观、更精确的判断依据,是脑脊液细胞形态学检测方法的重要补充,在儿童ALL并发CNS疾病的鉴别诊断中有重要价值。     

儿童高危和超高危急性淋巴细胞白血病的预后因素分析

 【目的】 探讨影响我国儿童高危急性淋巴细胞白血病(HR-ALL)治疗和预后的因素。【方法】收集1999年5月～2007年3月在我院儿科初诊符合HR-ALL的患儿76例，其中VHR-ALL组41例。治疗上非VHR-ALL用蓉城98高危或ALLIC BFM2002MR方案化疗，VHR-ALL用中山大学附属第一医院高危方案化疗。【结果】 总放弃治疗率25%，总预期6年无事生存率(EFS)49.3%，坚持治疗者EFS64.7%，非VHR-ALL组坚持治疗者EFS78.8%。Cox模型分析显示诱导33 d不缓解或BCR-ABL阳性是不良的独立预后因素，高强度化疗不能改变其预后差的特性，而泼泥松不敏感与其它任一项高危因素并存时复发法的危险性明显增高。【结论】放弃治疗和复发是本组治疗失败的前2位原因，多数HR-ALL如能坚持合理治疗应有信心获得较好的预后，诱导33 d不缓解或BCR-ABL阳性患者应争取造血干细胞移植，2项或以上高危因素并存对预后的影响值得深入研究。     

儿童非高危急性淋巴细胞白血病不同治疗方案可行性分析

目的 比较儿童非高危急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗方案,探讨低强度、低费用"经济"方案治疗低收入家庭儿童的可行性.方法 1999年5月至2006年9月在中山大学附属第一医院儿科病房收治初诊儿童ALL 243例,分别采用3种方案(由家长选择)治疗,分别为荣城98方案(A组)、IC BFM 2002方案(B组)或低强度"经济"方案(C组).结果 243例中诊断后即放弃治疗20例、诊断后死亡或转外院3例、高危47例和成熟B-ALL4例,余下169例中,选择A组46例,B组73例,因家庭经济原因选择C组50例.各组的预期无事存活率(标准误)[pEPS(sx)]和预期无病存活率[pDFS(sx)]A组4年分别是80.4%(0.059)和82.2%(0.057),7年分别为78.1%(0.061)和79.8%(0.060);B组4年分别是83.5%(0.051)和85.9%(0.049);C组4年分别是72.8%(0.069)和74.3%(0.069),7年分别为67.2%(0.084)和68.6%(0.085).住院化疗费用A组6.5～19.1万元(中位教9.4),B组5.2～12.3万元(中位数7.4),C组2.3～5.1万元(中位数3.1),3组间的费用差别有统计学意义.结论 低强度"经济"方案治疗儿童非高危ALL似能达到合理的EFS和DFS,这对低收入家庭儿童的治疗有现实意义.     

27例新生儿败血症临床分析

目的探讨新生儿败血症临床特征、诊断、治疗及转归的有关因素。方法对27例新生儿败血症进行临床分析。结果新生儿败血症的定义已扩展,病因感染途径无变化,临床表现及实验室检查仍缺乏特异性及敏感性。结论血培养仍是诊断本病的金标准,抗生素治疗走向规范化。     

低强度、低费用方案治疗儿童非高危急性淋巴细胞白血病

目的 探索采用减低强度、低费用的治疗方案治疗儿童非高危急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的可行性及其在发展中国家的现实意义.方法 1999年5月-2006年9月本院儿科病房初诊的ALL患儿52例.男40例,女12例;年龄1～14岁.家长在充分知情的情况下自主选择是否接受低强度低费用经济方案治疗.经济方案的长期疗效用Kaplan-Meier生存分析方法统计,住院费用来自医院病案室.结果 选择经济方案治疗的患儿均来自低收入家庭.52例诱导失败3例.其中2例诱导未缓解,1例诱导未结束放弃治疗.诱导缓解率94.2%,非高危ALL患儿4 a和7 a预期无事生存率(pEFS)分别为72.8%和67.2%,4 a和7 a预期无病生存率(pDFS)分别为74.3%和68.6%.住院化疗费用2.3万～5.1万元(中位数3.2万).结论 低强度经济方案治疗儿童非高危ALL似能达到合理的EFS和DFS,对低收人家庭儿童的治疗有现实意义.     

两种方案治疗儿童急性早幼粒细胞白血病的总体预后对比分析

Objective For further improving the prognosis of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in China,the treatment efficacies, outcomes and costs of protocols for childhood APL between in developed countries and in our hospital were compared. Methods 30 cases aged ＜15 years were diagnosed according to the FAB classification and detection of PML-RARα rearrangement. From December 1999 to September 2004,sixteen eligible children were treated with an intensive in-house protocol including high-dose Ara-C and anthracycline for post remission treatment. From September 2004 to January 2008,14 cases enrolled were treated with a less intensive protocol modified from the PETHEMA LPA99. Results The 3.5 years EFS was 37.5 % (s-x=0.121) for total 16 patients on in-house protocol. Six patients (37.5 %) abandoned treatment,2 died of intracranial hemorrhage at diagnosis (6.3 %) and sepsis in remission (6.3 %),respectively,and 2 relapsed (12.5 %). The 14 cases treated with modified PETHEMA had a 3.5 years EFS of 79.6 % (s-x=0.136). One died of intracranial hemorrhage at diagnosis (7.1 %) and 1 relapsed (7.1 %). Patients on modified PETHEMA had a significantly higher EFS (P=0.012),lower frequency of sepsis during treatment (7.7 % vs 77.8 %; P=0.0015) and lower hospitalization cost (median,RMB 35 200 vs 150 000; P ＜0.0001) than those on in-house protocol. Conclusion Treatment with the less intensive protocol based on the PETHEMA LPA99 study for childhood APL successively reduced complication of chemotherapy and reduced hospitalization cost without increasing relapses, which led to decreases in treatment-related toxicity and treatment abandonment rate,thus improving overall outcome.     

白血病患儿并急腹症6例

目的 探讨儿童白血病并急腹症的诊断、治疗及预后.方法 对2006年3月-2007年12月本院儿科收治的6例白血病并急腹症患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.按FAB诊断分型标准确诊为ALL 5例,AML 1例.化疗不同时期并急腹症,主要表现为腹痛、腹胀和肠鸣音改变,根据临床表现并结合腹部X线平片检查诊断为肠梗阻,其中4例并严重全身感染,1例并坏死性肠炎.6例均予禁食、胃肠减压、抗感染及营养支持疗法等内科保守治疗.结果 1例AML患儿急腹症发生在白血病初诊时;5例ALL患儿急腹症发生在化疗中,且均注射过长春新碱.经内科治疗,4例肠梗阻缓解后完成化疗;2例病情加重放弃治疗后死亡.结论 白血病患儿并急腹症时临床症状常重于实验室检查,故应以临床表现作为早期诊断依据;早期积极全面的内科保守治疗是挽救患儿生命的重要手段.ALL患儿化疗中发生肠梗阻可能与长春新碱有关.严重感染与急腹症互为因果,相互影响.     

儿童高危和超高危急性淋巴细胞白血病的预后因素分析

【目的】探讨影响我国儿童高危急性淋巴细胞白血病（HR-ALL）治疗和预后的因素。【方法】收集1999年5月-2007年3月在我院儿科初诊符合HR—ALL的患儿76例，其中VHR—ALL组41例。治疗上非VHR-ALL用蓉城98高危或ALLIC BFM2002MR方案化疗，VHR—ALL用中山大学附属第一医院高危方案化疗。【结果】总放弃治疗率25％，总预期6年无事生存率（EFS）49．3％，坚持治疗者EFS64．7％，非VHR—ALL组坚持治疗者EFS78．8％。Cox模型分析显示诱导33d不缓解或BCR-ABL阳性是不良的独立预后因素，高强度化疗不能改变其预后差的特性，而泼尼松不敏感与其它任一项高危因素并存时复发的危险性明显增高。【结论】放弃治疗和复发是本组治疗失败的前2位原因，多数HR-ALL如能坚持合理治疗应有信心获得较好的预后，诱导33d不缓解或BCR-ABL阳性患者应争取造血干细胞移植，2项或以上高危因素并存对预后的影响值得深入研究。     

两种方案治疗儿童急性早幼粒细胞白血病的总体预后对比分析

Objective For further improving the prognosis of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in China,the treatment efficacies, outcomes and costs of protocols for childhood APL between in developed countries and in our hospital were compared. Methods 30 cases aged ＜15 years were diagnosed according to the FAB classification and detection of PML-RARα rearrangement. From December 1999 to September 2004,sixteen eligible children were treated with an intensive in-house protocol including high-dose Ara-C and anthracycline for post remission treatment. From September 2004 to January 2008,14 cases enrolled were treated with a less intensive protocol modified from the PETHEMA LPA99. Results The 3.5 years EFS was 37.5 % (s-x=0.121) for total 16 patients on in-house protocol. Six patients (37.5 %) abandoned treatment,2 died of intracranial hemorrhage at diagnosis (6.3 %) and sepsis in remission (6.3 %),respectively,and 2 relapsed (12.5 %). The 14 cases treated with modified PETHEMA had a 3.5 years EFS of 79.6 % (s-x=0.136). One died of intracranial hemorrhage at diagnosis (7.1 %) and 1 relapsed (7.1 %). Patients on modified PETHEMA had a significantly higher EFS (P=0.012),lower frequency of sepsis during treatment (7.7 % vs 77.8 %; P=0.0015) and lower hospitalization cost (median,RMB 35 200 vs 150 000; P ＜0.0001) than those on in-house protocol. Conclusion Treatment with the less intensive protocol based on the PETHEMA LPA99 study for childhood APL successively reduced complication of chemotherapy and reduced hospitalization cost without increasing relapses, which led to decreases in treatment-related toxicity and treatment abandonment rate,thus improving overall outcome.