Stress Testing Versus CT Angiography in Patients With Diabetes and Suspected Coronary Artery Disease

Background

The optimal noninvasive test (NIT) for patients with diabetes and stable symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown.

The health-related quality of life of male and female heavy smokers

Objectives: Heavy smokers are a segment of the smoking population who are at increased risk of smoking-related morbidity and least likely to achieve cessation. This study identifies the impact of heavy smoking on quality of life by gender and describes the subpopulation for improved targeting.Methods: South Australian representative population data (n = 3010) was used to compare the health-related quality of life status of male and female heavy smokers as assessed by the SF-36.     

Cryptococcal Meningitis in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

The optimum therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains unresolved. Traditional therapy consists of amphotericin B with or without flucytosine. Obstacles exist in administering these agents to patients with AIDS. Mortality rates during initial therapy are relatively high. Given the lack of proved benefit, we do not recommend adding flucytosine to amphotericin B routinely. The search for more efficacious and less toxic agents continues. The oral triazoles, especially fluconazole, have increased the options for treatment of this disease. New strategies and novel approaches in managing cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS continue to be developed.     

Antioxidant enzyme activities and total nitrite/nitrate levels in the collar model. Effect of nicardipine.

There is a large body of literature describing the causative role of oxidative stress mediated by increased levels of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after angioplasty. The positioning of a soft silicone collar around the rabbit carotid artery elicits intimal thickening. The findings from recent studies demonstrated that both intimal thickening and atherosclerosis lead to synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase, resulting in abundant amounts of nitric oxide. We investigated the effects of collaring and nicardipine treatment on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and total nitrite/nitrate levels, stable products of nitric oxide. Placing the collar increased the total nitrite/ nitrate levels and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in collared arteries. Treatment with nicardipine (20 mg/kg/day, s.c.) prevented enhanced nitric oxide degradation without affecting superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Our results suggest that enhanced nitric oxide production and superoxide anion are generated in response to the collaring, resulting in oxidative stress within the segment in this model.     

Changes to osteoporosis prevalence according to method of risk assessment.

The impact of clinical risk factor-based absolute risk methods on the prevalence of high risk for osteoporotic fracture is unknown. We applied absolute risk methods to 6646 subjects and found that the prevalence of elderly women deemed to be at high risk increased substantially, whereas the overall prevalence was highly dependent on the threshold used to designate high risk. INTRODUCTION: Many groups have advocated using absolute risk methods that incorporate clinical risk factors to target patients for osteoporosis therapy. We examined how the application of such absolute risk classification systems influences the prevalence of those considered to be at high risk for osteoporotic fracture and compared these systems to one based solely on BMD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using 6646 subjects from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos), a prospective, randomly selected, population-based cohort, we assessed three different systems for determining prevalence of high risk for osteoporotic fracture: a BMD-based system; a simplified risk factor system incorporating age, sex, BMD, and two clinical risk factors; and a comprehensive system, incorporating age, sex, BMD, and seven clinical risk factors. The 10-year absolute risks of incident fragility fracture were compared across systems using three different high-risk thresholds. RESULTS: The prevalence of a T score < or = -2.5 was 18.8% (95% CI: 17.7-19.9%) in women and 3.9% (95% CI: 3.0-4.7%) in men. Using a 15% 10-year risk of fracture threshold, the prevalence of women at high risk increased to 46.9% (95% CI: 45.4-48.4) and 42.5% (95% CI: 41.1-43.9) when the comprehensive and simplified risk factor classification systems were used, respectively. Using a 25% 10-year absolute risk threshold, the prevalence of high risk was similar to that of the BMD-based system, whereas the 20% threshold gave intermediate rates. All thresholds analyzed resulted in an increased prevalence of older women at high risk for fracture, whereas only the 15% 10-year risk of fracture threshold resulted in an increase in the prevalence of men at high risk. CONCLUSIONS: The application of risk factor-based systems results in an increased prevalence of older women at high risk. The prevalence of individuals at high risk may increase with changes to the methods used to determine those who are eligible for therapy. These data have important implications for the pattern of care and costs of treating osteoporotic fractures.     

Pharmacological treatments that facilitate extinction of fear: Relevance to psychotherapy

A great deal is now known about the mechanisms of conditioned fear acquisition and expression. More recently, the mechanisms of inhibition of conditioned fear have become the subject of intensive study. The major model system for the study of fear inhibition in the laboratory is extinction, in which a previously fear conditioned organism is exposed repeatedly to the fear-eliciting cue in the absence of any aversive event and the fear conditioned response declines. It is well established that extinction is a form of new learning as opposed to forgetting or “unlearning” of conditioned fear, and it is hypothesized that extinction develops when sensory pathways conveying sensory information to the amygdala come to engage GABAergic interneurons through forms of experience-dependent plasticity such as long-term potentiation. Several laboratories currently are investigating methods of facilitating fear extinction in animals with the hope that such treatments might ultimately prove to be useful in facilitating exposure-based therapy for anxiety disorders in clinical populations. This review discusses the advances that have been made in this field and presents the findings of the first major clinical study to examine the therapeutic utility of a drug that facilitates extinction in animals. It is concluded that extinction is an excellent model system for the study of fear inhibition and an indispensable tool for the screening of putative pharmacotherapies for clinical use.