全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1209篇 |
免费 | 64篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 7篇 |
儿科学 | 60篇 |
妇产科学 | 21篇 |
基础医学 | 118篇 |
口腔科学 | 38篇 |
临床医学 | 55篇 |
内科学 | 191篇 |
皮肤病学 | 10篇 |
神经病学 | 145篇 |
特种医学 | 14篇 |
外科学 | 187篇 |
综合类 | 5篇 |
预防医学 | 170篇 |
眼科学 | 10篇 |
药学 | 71篇 |
肿瘤学 | 174篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 12篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 27篇 |
2019年 | 22篇 |
2018年 | 25篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 21篇 |
2015年 | 24篇 |
2014年 | 25篇 |
2013年 | 43篇 |
2012年 | 75篇 |
2011年 | 81篇 |
2010年 | 44篇 |
2009年 | 37篇 |
2008年 | 82篇 |
2007年 | 76篇 |
2006年 | 107篇 |
2005年 | 75篇 |
2004年 | 72篇 |
2003年 | 78篇 |
2002年 | 84篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 16篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 14篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1276条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A rat model of monitoring liver allograft rejection 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Timi Martelius Heikki Mäkisalo Krister Höckerstedt Eero Taskinen Irmeli Lautenschlager 《Transplant international》1997,10(2):103-108
Rat models are often used to study liver allograft rejection. We have established a model for rat liver allograft rejection,
monitored by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), in the strain combination PVG-to-BN with a mean survival time of 37 ± 20
days. In this model, we observed acute rejection with an intense peak of lymphoid blasts and lymphocyte-dominated inflammation
in the FNAB [9.1 ± 3.0 corrected increment units (CIU)], and an eventual increase in macrophages (up to 4.2 ± 4.4 CIU), together
with fibrosis and parenchymal necrosis in the graft. Markers of immune activation, such as an increase in IL-2-receptor (from
1 % ± 2 % to 21 % ± 13 %) and class II (from 20 % ± 9 % to 43 % ± 13 %) expressing lymphoid cells and induction of ICAM-1
in the graft, were consistent with the overall cellular response. The FNAB correlated well with parallel graft histology.
In this rat model, the atraumatic monitoring makes a close follow-up possible without having to sacrifice the experimental
animals. This saves work, animals, and costs in the study of liver rejection.
Received: 2 July 1996 Accepted: 28 October 1996 相似文献
2.
3.
Ilkka Sinisaari Hannu Pätiälä Ole Böstman E. Antero Mäkelä Esa K. Partio Eero Hirvensalo Pertti Törmälä Pentti Rokkanen 《Journal of orthopaedic science》1997,2(2):88-92
Between November 1984 and January 1994 in our department, a total of 2500 patients were treated with totally absorbable internal
fixation devices. We studied these patients and analyzed results with regard to the volume of the absorbable implants and
the development of wound infection. Of the 2500 patients 2044 were trauma patients and 456 were operated on for orthopedic
disease. In 1466 patients treated with implants made of self-reinforced polyglycolic acid (SR-PGA) only, the patients who
developed wound infection had a higher implant volume (P=0.07) than those who did not; this difference was close to statistical significance. In the 446 patients who received only
implants made of self-reinforced poly-l-lactic acid (SR-PLLA), the 5 who developed wound infection had a mean implant volume more than three times that of the non-infected
patients (P=0.01). We found that in the patients treated with the earlier SR-PGA implants, which contained a green staining material,
there was no correlation between implant volume and incidence of wound infections. On the other hand, both the non-stained
SR-PGA implants, which have been in clinical use since 1989, and the SR-PLLA implants, seem to be more predictable in terms
of wound infections. We believe that this difference, is largely due to the lower level of tissue reactions with these newer
implants. 相似文献
4.
The formaldehyde content of textiles has been legally limited in only a few countries. Finland followed Japan in 1987 and introduced strict limits for textile formaldehyde content. The comprehensive registration system of occupational diseases in Finland has enabled the study of the incidence of occupational diseases caused by formaldehyde among workers in the textile and clothing industries. Diagnosed occupational diseases caused by formaldehyde were relatively rare in 1975–1993, and no decrease in the incidence of occupational formaldehyde diseases were observed after regulations were implemented at the end of 1987. Limitations on textile formaldehyde content are needed, however, because textiles with formaldehyde content of 435–855 μg/g can cause irritating airborne concentrations during pressing in clothing industry. With modern low formaldehyde cross-linking agents it is possible to achieve textile formaldehyde content less than 100 μg/g, as determined by the Japanese acetylacetone method. When limits for textile formaldehyde content are considered, it is also important to define the test method because the existing procedures produce different results. 相似文献
5.
Arto J. Turunen José A. Fernández Leena Lindgren Kaija T. Salmela Lauri E. Kyllönen Heikki Mäkisalo John H. Griffin Sanna M. Siitonen Jari Petäjä Eero J. Pesonen 《American journal of transplantation》2005,5(9):2204-2212
We studied the role of endogenous activated protein C (APC), the major physiological anti-coagulant with concomitant anti-inflammatory properties, on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in 45 patients participating in a larger trial comparing three immunosuppressive protocols in cadaveric renal transplantation: perioperative anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG, Fresenius AG, Bad Homburg, Germany), perioperative basiliximab and conventional triple therapy. Blood samples for assessing plasma APC, protein C, and lactoferrin concentrations, neutrophil CD11b and L-selectin expressions and blood leukocyte differential counts were obtained preoperatively and before reperfusion from central venous cannula, complemented with simultaneous samples from iliac artery and graft vein for calculation of transrenal differences (Delta) of study parameters at 1 and 5 min after reperfusion. Unlike basiliximab or conventional therapy groups, ATG infusion induced a substantial increase in plasma APC concentration (119 [88-144]% before infusion vs. 232 [85-1246]% after infusion, p<0.001), resulting in renal graft sequestration of APC at 1 min after reperfusion (Delta=-72 [-567 to 12]%, p<0.001). Graft APC consumption was associated with transrenal reduction of neutrophil activation markers (L-selectin r=0.7, p=0.01; lactoferrin r=-0.6, p=0.02; CD11b r=-0.8, p=0.001), and with both warm (r=0.6, p=0.01) and cold ischemia time (r=0.6, p=0.02) and donor age (r=0.6, p=0.01). These findings suggest that APC has an anti-inflammatory role in I/R injury in clinical renal transplantation. 相似文献
6.
7.
Mathias Gautel Eero Lehtonen Fricke Pietruschka 《Journal of muscle research and cell motility》1996,17(4):449-461
Summary The giant molecule titin (also called connectin) provides an elastic connection in the I-band between the Z-disk and A-band of striated muscle. This region is assembled in a tissue-specific way by extensive differential splicing events. We have raised monoclonal antibodies against the two N2-line isoforms of titin and demonstrate that both forms of cardiac I-band titin are constitutively co-expressed in atrial and ventricular muscle. In developing mouse embryos, the expression of the cardiac N2-B isoform remains strictly cardiac-specific and is linked to the expression of the ubiquitous N2-A isoform. The mechanical function of the cardiac N2-line region was investigated ultrastructurally. Immunoelectron microscopy reveals that the N2-B region separates two mechanically distinct sections of titin with a hyperextensible segment spanning the distance to the Z-disk. The formation of a plateau in the extension of cardiac titin rules out that Ig-domains can be unfolded as a mechanism of elasticity. 相似文献
8.
Rupture of splanchnic artery aneurysms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jarmo A. Salo M.D. Kari Salmenkivi M.D. Anssi Tenhunen M.D. Eero O. Kivilaakso M.D. 《World journal of surgery》1986,10(1):123-126
The results of surgical therapy for acute ruptured splanchnic artery aneurysms in 6 patients treated at Helsinki University Central Hospital from 1964 to 1984 were analyzed. There were 3 patients with ruptured splenic, 2 with ruptured hepatic and 1 with ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysms. The condition remained undiagnosed in all patients preoperatively, and the diagnosis was obtained only at emergency laparotomy performed for severe shock, abdominal pain, and distension. Five of the 6 patients survived, including a pregnant woman, who gave birth to a living baby by ceserean section. The results indicate that immediate, aggressive surgical approach dictated by the clinical condition of the patient affords good survival in patients suffering from acute rupture of splanchnic artery aneurysms.
Resumen Se analizan los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de la ruptura aguda de aneurismas de arterias esplnicas en 6 pacientes manejados en el Hospital Central de la Universidad de Helsinki en el periodo 1964–1984. Se presentaron 3 pacientes con ruptura de aneurismas de la arteria esplénica, 2 de la hepática y 1 de la mesentérica superior. La condición clínica se mantuvo sin diagnóstico durante la fase preoperatoria, y el diagnóstico sólo fue hecho en el curso de la laparotomía, procedimiento que fue realizado por shock severo, dolor abdominal y distensión. Cinco de los 6 pacientes sobrevivieron, incluyendo una mujer embarazada, quien dio a luz un niño vivo mediante sección cesárea. Los resultados indican que el enfoque quirúrgico inicial agresivo indicado por la condición clínica del paciente ofrece una buena oportunidad de supervivencia en pacientes que presentan ruptura de aneurismas de las arterias esplácnicas.
Résumé Les résultats du traitement chirurgical de 6 ruptures d'anévrysmes des artères splanchniques traités à l'Hôpital Central Universitaire d'Helsinki de 1964 à 1984 sont étudiés par les auteurs. Ils concernent la rupture anévrysmale de 3 artères spléniques, de 2 artères hépatiques, de 1 artère mésentérique. Le diagnostic ne fut porté qu'au moment de l'intervention d'urgence pratiquée en présence d'un état de choc sévère s'accompagnant de douleur et de distension abdominales. Cinq des 6 opérés ont survécu, dont une femme enceinte chez qui une césarienne fut pratiquée avec succès. Ces résultats plaident en faveur de l'action chirurgicale d'urgence.相似文献
9.
A cohort of 30,940 male and 11,529 female seafarers registered in the files of Seafarers' Pension Fund in Finland was followed up through the Finnish Cancer Registry for cancer in 1967–92. Among male seafarers, there were 1,199 cases of cancer, which corresponds to the average cancer incidence in Finnish men. There was a statistically significant excess of non-melanoma skin cancer (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]=1.8, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.2–2.5) and mesothelioma (SIR=2.9, CI=1.2–5.6) in the follow-up category of 20 or more years since the first employment. Alcohol-related cancers were increased among seafarers (SIR for cancer of the mouth and pharynx = 1.; esophagus = 1.4; and liver = 1.5; combined CI=1.1–1.9). Deck crews had a significantly high risk of cancer of the pancreas (SIR=2.0) and also prostate after 10 years since first employment (SIR=1.6). Occupational asbestos exposure among seafarers is likely strong enough to cause excess cases of mesothelioma but not of lung cancer. Occupational exposures also may be associated with increased risk of cancers of the kidney, pancreas, prostate and old-age brain cancer in some of the main occupational categories. Cumulative ultraviolet radiation likely doubles the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer among older men and repeated sunburns that of skin melanoma in ages below 30 (SIR among deck and engine crew = 4.6, CI=3.1–6.5). Female ship personnel had a significantly elevated total cancer risk (observed number of cases = 732) which increased over follow-up time (SIR in the category 20 years since the first employment was 1.3, CI=1.1–1.5). This excess was attributable primarily to lung cancer (SIR=2.6, CI=2.0–3.3). Also cancers of the cervix uteri, vulva, and vagina showed significant excess after 10 to 20 years since first employment aboard.Address correspondence to Dr Pukkala, Finnish Cancer Registry, Litsankatu 21 B, FIN-00170 Helsinki, Finland. The Finnish Work Environment Fund financially supported this project.Dr Pukkala is with the Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland. Dr Saarni is with the Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Turku, Finland. 相似文献
10.
Studies in the Scandinavian countries have shown that orthodontists run an equal or even greater risk of contracting dermatitis compared to other dental personnel. The aim of the study was to find out whether the self-reported occupation-related health problems of general dental practitioners and orthodontists differ from those of office employees in Finland. The subjects were 147 general dentists, 81 orthodontists and 99 office employees (77% women and 23% men). The data were collected using a mailed questionnaire. Within the past year, 42% of the subjects had had occupational health problems, while 51% had experienced symptoms in the previous year or earlier. The complaints of hand dermatoses, musculoskeletal, as well as respiratory symptoms were significantly more common among women than among men. Musculoskeletal complaints were the most common symptoms in all occupational groups, but the odds ratio of having them were significantly higher for dental professionals compared to office employees. The frequency of self-reported hand dermatoses was 42% for dental professionals and 26% for office employees, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The odds of having hand dermatoses were higher for atopic subjects and for women. Orthodontists did not differ from general practitioners in respect of any of the complaints reported. Materials used in dentistry were mentioned as the cause of symptoms by 49 (21.5%) of the dental professionals. The present results show an increased risk of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms for the dental professionals. Also, a tendency towards increased occurrence of skin symptoms was noted for the dental professionals compared to office employees of this study. 相似文献