Tibial-talar dislocation without fracture: treatment principles and outcome

The incidence of tibial-talar dislocations without fracture is unknown and has been sparsely reported in the literature. The diagnosis of the injury is straightforward with the appropriate examination and roentgenograms. Good to excellent results can be achieved with open or closed dislocations treated by closed reduction and immobilization for 4–6 weeks. Although open dislocations require irrigation, debridement, and possibly delayed closure, controversy exists with regard to acute ligament repair. Because good to excellent results are possible without acute ligament repair, and delayed repair on reconstruction can be accomplished with good outcomes, we recommend treating these injuries without ligament repair.     

To what extent is the tibia-calcaneum angle a reliable measurement of the triceps surae length? Radiological correction of the torque-angle curve (III)

Summary Previous papers gave some methods for the reliable measurement of the tibia-calcaneum angle. It is of common use to evaluate the physical properties of triceps surae on the basis of torque-angle curves. However this method is reliable only if each tibia-calcaneum angle corresponds to a defined distance between the insertions of the muscle in subjects of the same height. Evidence is given by radiological measurements that this correspondance is correct in normal children. However, this is no longer true in certain cerebral palsied children because of abnormal translation of the calcaneum and/or abnormal ratio of bone sizes. In this case the torque-angle curves do not define properly the torque-length curves. A method of correction is given. This correction may be as high as 15.MaÎtre de Recherche INSERM (Paris), grant No. 7411766 and U.E.R. Paris-Ouest     

Common principles underlying the control of rapid, single degree-of-freedom movements at different joints

Studies of rapid, single degree-of-freedom movements have shown different changes in electromyographic patterns for movement tasks that appear very similar (e.g., movements over different ranges of distance). However, it is not clear whether these differences are a result of joint-specific control schemes or whether they are instead due to the limited range of task parameters studied relative to the mechanical constraints of each joint (e.g., short compared with long movements relative to the range of motion of a particular joint). In this study, we measured and compared the kinematic trajectories and electromyograms recorded during various movement tasks at the wrist, elbow, and ankle. Subjects performed movements over a wide range of distances “as fast as possible,”“at a comfortable speed,” and against two inertial loads (at the elbow only), and they performed movements over a fixed distance at three different speeds at the wrist and ankle. For fast movements we show that, in spite of some joint-specific differences, the basic pattern of electromyographic (EMG) modulation is similar at all three joints; for example, the agonist EMG burst transitions from a fixed duration to an increasing duration with increasing movement distance at all three joints. Moreover, the distance at which this transition occurs in one joint relative to the distance at which this transition occurs in the other two joints is consistent across subjects. The transition occurs at the shortest distance at the ankle and the longest distance at the wrist. In general we suggest that the data are consistent with a single set of control rules applied at all three joints, with the biomechanical constraints at each joint accounting for the differences in the EMG and kinematic patterns observed across joints. Received: 3 September 1996 / Accepted: 10 June 1997     

截骨加楔形植骨术治疗创伤性踝成角并短缩畸形（附7例分析）

目的：对创伤性踝成角并短缩畸形行截骨加楔形植骨手术的治疗效果进行评价。方法：对7例因外伤致踝成角并短缩畸形患者行截骨加楔形植骨术矫形并延长肢体，术后进行平均39．7个月的随访，就疼痛，行走能力，活动度、日常生活能力等进行百分制评分。结果：术后患肢恢复或接近等长，疼痛，行走能力和日常生活能力均有改善，但踝关节活动度无改善。结论：本手术方法是治疗创伤性踝关节成角短缩畸形合并早期骨性关节炎十分有效的方法。     

Lipoplastics of Legs: Our Experience with a New Cannula Compared with Classical Technique

The Authors compare the results obtained between two groups of patients suffering from leg lipodystrophy, who were subjected to a reducing lipoplasty. In the first group, surgeons made use of a new sort of cannula, deprived of the classical grip, whereas in the second group, they employed the traditional probe. The best results, achieved with the first group, prove this new operating system is really effective, particularly on legs, for the following reasons: (1) Higher precision and better control of the instrument (2) Swan-neck cannula abolition (3) Opportunity to operate with both hands (4) Halved operating time (5) No tiredness after the operation.     

近踝足部肌腱与骨裸露创面显微外科修复方法的分析

目的评价近踝足部肌腱与骨外露创面修复的简单实用手术方法。方法总结自1990年1月～2002年1月应用13种显微外科皮瓣修复治疗128例近踝足部肌腱与骨外露创面病人,取得良好效果。手术时间:急诊一期修复53例,亚急诊修复28例,晚期修复47例。结果吻合皮瓣静脉修复皮肤逆行撕脱伤26例,完全成活19例,7例部分坏死;游离皮瓣移植19例,13例完全成活,皮瓣坏死3例,皮瓣部分坏死并感染3例;带蒂皮瓣转移83例,其中带腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣58例,该组所有皮瓣无1例完全坏死,5例术后出现静脉回流障碍,松解蒂部血运恢复,4例皮缘坏死,经换药愈合;其余带蒂皮瓣25例,成活21例,部分皮缘坏死3例,感染完全坏死1例。结论带腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,切取简单,不牺牲知名的血管,对供区侧肢体供血影响小,设计灵活,能为磨擦受压创面提供良好的覆盖,基本能够满足近踝足部肌腱与骨外露创面修复需要。     

Long-term outcome after 1822 operatively treated ankle fractures: A systematic review of the literature

The aim of this literature review is to systematically gather the highest level of available evidence on the long-term outcome after operatively treated ankle fractures in the English, German and Dutch literature. A search term with Boolean operators was constructed. The search was limited to humans and adults and the major databases were searched from 1966 to 2008 to identify studies relating to functional outcome, subjective outcome and radiographic evaluation at least 4 years after an operatively treated ankle fracture. Of the 42 initially relevant papers, 18 met our inclusion criteria. A total of 1822 fractures were identified. The mean sample-size weighted follow-up was 5.1 years. The initial number of patients that were included in the studies was 2724, which results in a long-term follow-up success rate of 66.9%. Regarding the fracture reduction we found 4 papers reporting on 106 fractures. Of the fractures that were classified according to Danis-Weber, 736 were eligible for correlation with the long-term outcome. In 442 fractures a comparison was possible between supination-external rotation stage 2 and 4 of the Lauge-Hansen classification. Only one study reported on the influence of initial cartilage lesions on the outcome. Regarding the involvement of the posterior malleolus, two studies reported on the long-term outcome. None of the studies addressed the influence of hindfoot varus or valgus on the long-term outcome after ankle fracture. Only 79.3% of the optimally reduced fractures show good to excellent long-term outcome. The Weber A type fractures do not show a better long-term outcome than Weber B type fractures. Recommendations for future research were formulated.     

计算机快速成型辅助个体化三踝骨折的手术治疗

Objective To compare the operation with computer-aided rapid prototyping technique and the conventional procedure for treatment of trimalleolar fractures.Methods Twenty-four patients with trimalleolar fracture who had been admitted to our hospital from March 2007 to March 2008 were divided into 2 even groups randomly.Group A underwent 3-dimensional reconstruction, computer simulation and rapid pro-totyping and demonstration of individual fracture model before operation.Group B received only conventional procedures.The therapeutic effects were evaluated by Cedell criteria and compared statistically between the 2 groups.Comparision between the 2 groups was made in the exposure time, reduction and fixation time curative effect.Results Fallow-up from 8 to 15 months revealed that the operation time for Group A (45.43 ± 9.38 minutes) was significantly shorter than for Group B (58.61 ± 12.32 minutes) (t = - 2.948, P < 0.05).The exposure time between the 2 groups had no statiscal difference (t = - 1.06, P =0.102).The excellent rate of curative effect in Group A was 83.3% and 66.7% in Group B.Conclusion Computer aided rapid prototyping can shorten the operation time and improve operational efficiency for trimalleolar fractures.     

踝关节发育不良的人工关节置换术

目的研究人工踝关节置换治疗发育性踝关节不良的中期疗效。方法自1997年10月～2010年12月,人工踝关节置换治疗踝关节疾患66例中踝关节发育不良6例,男5例,女1例,年龄44.5～59岁,平均52.7岁。幼儿时有外伤史4例,不明2例,病程5～11年。结果 6例6踝获6～11年随访,平均8年4个月。术前、后踝关节功能采用Kofoed评价法,术前踝关节功能平均36分（30～40分）4例,17分（0～29）2例;术后优（85～100分）3例,良（75～84分）3例,均无疼痛。仅1例作了步态分析,术前跛行步态（站立相超过58%）,术后正常步态（站立相15%～45%周期内）。结论人工踝关节置换治疗踝关节发育不良具有良好疗效。